Prevalence of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus with poor glycemic control

ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and the level of glycemic control in diabetes (DM).MethodsPatients with type 2 DM treated in our clinic were prospectively recruited into the study. Pancreatic diabetes was excluded. Cases with HbA1c ≥7% formed Group A (n = 59), and with HbA1c <7% Group B (n = 42). The fecal level of pancreatic elastase (PE-1) was measured and morphological examinations of the pancreas were performed.ResultsThe PE-1 level was significantly lower in Group A than in Group B (385.9 ± 171.1 μg/g, vs. 454.6 ± 147.3 μg/g, p = 0.038). The PE-1 level was not correlated with HbA1c (r = −0.132, p = 0.187), the duration of DM (r = −0.046, p = 0.65), age (r = 0.010, p = 0.921), BMI (r = 0.203, p = 0.059), or pancreatic steatosis (r = 0.117, p = 0.244). The size of the pancreas did not differ significantly between Groups A and B.ConclusionsAn exocrine pancreatic insufficiency demonstrated by fecal PE-1 determination is more frequent in type 2 DM patients with poor glycemic control. The impaired exocrine pancreatic function cannot be explained by an alteration in the size of the pancreas or by pancreatic steatosis.     

小檗碱对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠疗效及其机制的探讨

目的观察小檗碱对高脂饮食诱导的非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠治疗效果并探讨其可能的机制。方法将26只Sprague-Dawley大鼠(120~160 g)随机分为3组,分别为对照组(n=8)、模型组(n=10)和治疗组(n=8)。对照组大鼠给予普通饲料喂养,模型组及治疗组给予高脂饮食饲养。第12周,处死模型组2只大鼠,确认造模成功。随后治疗组大鼠给予150 mg·kg-1·d-1小檗碱灌胃4周,对照组及模型组给予相同剂量等渗盐水灌胃。第16周处死大鼠。HE染色观察大鼠小肠黏膜上皮绒毛变化;苏丹黑B染色观察肝脏脂肪变情况;免疫组织化学染色观察小肠上皮occludin蛋白表达;16S rDNA实时荧光定量PCR法测量大鼠粪便中大肠杆菌、拟杆菌及普拉梭菌的数量。结果模型组大鼠血清内毒素(0.288±0.045)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α(1.07±0.11)水平均高于对照组(0.192±0.049,0.94±0.07)(P<0.05),小檗碱干预可显著降低内毒素(0.213±0.025)和TNF-α水平(0.93±0.07)(P<0.05)。模型组大鼠肠黏膜上皮occludin蛋白表达(0.05±0.012)明显低于对照组(0.166±0.014),小檗碱对肠黏膜occludin蛋白表达有促进作用(0.055±0.009),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。同时,与模型组(7.29±0.47)相比,对照组(9.49±0.59)拟杆菌数量降低,治疗组拟杆菌的数量增加(9.77±0.87);与对照组(5.42±0.63,9.49±0.59)相比,模型组大肠杆菌(6.92±0.77)、普拉梭菌(8.70±0.62)数量增加,小檗碱干预减少了大肠杆菌(6.34±0.71)、普拉梭菌(9.77±0.87)的数量(P<0.05)。结论小檗碱有效地保护了非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠的肠屏障功能,其作用机制可能是对肠道菌群的调节。     

A Canadian Working Group report on fecal microbial therapy: microbial ecosystems therapeutics

A working group from across Canada comprised of clinician and basic scientists, epidemiologists, ethicists, Health Canada regulatory authorities and representatives of major funding agencies (Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of Canada) met to review the current experience with fecal microbial therapy and to identify the key areas of study required to move this field forward. The report highlights the promise of fecal microbial therapy and related synthetic stool therapy (together called 'microbial ecosystems therapeutics') for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis and, possibly, other disorders. It identifies pressing clinical issues that need to be addressed as well as social, ethical and regulatory barriers to the use of these important therapies.     

粪便基因甲基化分析对大肠癌的早期诊断价值

目的探讨人粪便中分泌型卷曲相关蛋白(SFRP2)及增生性息肉蛋白(HPP1)基因甲基化分析对患者大肠癌诊断的价值。方法从30例结直肠癌患者、30例结直肠腺瘤患者及30例正常对照者的粪便中分别提取DNA,采用甲基化特异性PCR(MSP)技术分析其SFRP2及HPP1基因甲基化状态。结果大肠癌、腺瘤和正常对照组的SFRP2基因甲基化阳性率分别为66.6%(20/30)、50.0%(15/30)和3.3%(1/30)。大肠癌、腺瘤和正常对照组的HPP1基因甲基化阳性率分别63.3%(19/30)、43.3%(13/30)和6.6%(2/30)。结论 SFRP2和HPP1基因甲基化是大肠癌进展过程中的早期事件。粪便SFRP2和HPP1基因甲基化分析可望成为大肠癌早期无创诊断的新途径。     

大便失禁的诊治进展

大便失禁（FI）是由多种因素共同作用所致的以排便紊乱为主要表现的功能性肠病,可严重影响患者的精神心理健康和生活质量。近年随着对FI病因和发病机制认识的不断深入,其临床诊治亦出现了新的进展。本文即从临床角度出发,参考近期国际上的FI诊治指南或共识意见,就本病的临床诊治进展作一概述。     

Retrograde Versus Antegrade Nerve Sparing During Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Which Is Better for Achieving Early Functional Recovery?

Background

Although the retrograde approach to nerve sparing (NS) aimed at maximizing NS during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has been described, its significant benefits compared to the antegrade approach have not yet been investigated.

Objective

To evaluate the impact of NS approaches on perioperative, pathologic, and functional outcomes.

Design, setting, and participants

Five hundred one potent (Sexual Health Inventory for Men [SHIM] score >21) men underwent bilateral full NS and were followed up for a minimum of 1 yr. After propensity score matching, 344 patients were selected and were then categorized into two groups.

Surgical procedure

RARP with antegrade NS (n = 172) or RARP with retrograde NS (n = 172).

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Functional outcomes were assessed using validated questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied.

Results and limitations

Positive margin rates were similar (11.1% vs 6.9%; p = 0.192), and no correlation with the NS approach was found on regression analysis. At 3, 6, and 9 mo, the potency rate was significantly higher in the retrograde approach (65% vs 80.8% and 72.1% vs 90.1% and 85.3% vs 92.9%, respectively). The multivariable model indicated that the NS approach was an independent predictor for potency recovery at 3, 6, and 9 mo, along with age, gland size, and hyperlipidemia. After adjusting for these predictors, the hazard ratio (HR) for the retrograde relative to the antegrade approach was 2.462 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.482–4.089; p = 0.001) at 3, 4.024 (95% CI, 2.171–7.457; p < 0.001) at 6, and 2.145 (95% CI, 1.019–4.514; p = 0.044) at 9 mo. Regarding continence, the recovery rates at each time point and the mean time to regaining it were similar, and the method of NS had no effect on multivariable analysis. The absence of randomization is a major limitation of this study.

Conclusions

In patients with normal erectile function who underwent bilateral full NS, a retrograde NS approach facilitated early recovery of potency compared to that with an antegrade NS approach without compromising cancer control.