原发性高血压患者细胞外间质水平及其临床意义

检测血清Ⅲ型前胶原 (PCⅢ )、层粘连蛋白 (LN)和透明质酸 (HA)的水平与研究其对高血压心肌纤维化患者的临床价值。高血压左心室肥大组 35例、高血压不伴左心室肥大组 30例及对照组 4 0名 ,用超声心动图测定左心室重量指数 (LVMI) ,用酶联免疫吸附分析法 (ELISA)测定血清PCⅢ、LN和HA。高血压左心室肥大组较高血压不伴左心室肥大组和对照组的血清PCⅢ、LN和HA含量明显增高 (P <0 .0 1 )。结论是血清PCⅢ、LN和HA可以作为高血压左心室肥大患者心肌纤维化的观察指标     

Architectural remodelling in lungs of rabbits induced by type V collagen immunization: a preliminary morphologic model to study diffuse connective tissue diseases

The pathogenesis of diffuse connective tissue diseases (DCTD) is still unknown and has been extensively studied regarding its autoimmunity aspects related to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, with an emphasis on the collagens at the inflammatory site. The present paper describes the pulmonary architectural and repair/remodelling responses to injury after immunization of rabbits with human type V collagen. The animal model consisted of rabbits immunized with collagen mixed with Freund's adjuvant and sacrificed 7, 15, 30, 75, and 120 days after the first of four doses of antigen. Pulmonary architecture remodelling response was evaluated by histology, morphometry, and the immunofluorescence method, according to compartments of reference (parenchyma and interstitium) and injury: 1 inflammation (polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells); 2-repair (fibrosis) and 3-ECM remodelling (collagen system). The results showed an intense inflammatory involvement of the pulmonary vascular and bronchiolar parenchyma, characterized by increased wall thickness in small arteries, infiltrations by pseudoeosinophils, and mononuclear cells. Progressive remodelling of the pulmonary ECM was characterized by collagen deposition in the septal and bronchovascular interstitium, especially in rabbits sacrifices at 75 and 120 days. The ECM remodelling process was not reproduced when rabbits were inoculated with collagen types I and III. We conclude that the model reproduces morphologic changes similar to those observed in many DCTD, encouraging realization of other experiments to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases.     

金黄色葡萄球菌 eap 基因的克隆与表达

 目的 构建携带 eap 基因的原核表达载体，诱导表达具有活性的重组 EAP 融合蛋白。 方法 PCR 法扩增金黄色葡萄球菌基因组 DNA，回收、 纯化的扩增产物与 pMD18-T 载体相连接得重组质粒 pMD18-T-EAP，转化 E.coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，酶切鉴定；未酶切组作为对照组重组质粒 pMD18-T-EAP 和 pET28a（+）表达载体分别用 Nde I 和 Xho I 限制性内切酶双酶切、连接，转化 E.coli BL21（DE3）感受态细胞，酶切鉴定；空载体作为对照组。用不同浓度（终浓度 1、2、4、8 mmol/L）和不同诱导时间（1、2、3、4、5、6 h）的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）对阳性重组菌进行表达优化，分别取 E.coli上清液和沉淀做电泳分析。应用 MagneHis^TM 蛋白纯化系统纯化重组 EAP 融合蛋白，并通过薄层扫描测定蛋白质的浓度。 结果 所获 eap 基因与 GeneBank 的基因序列同源性 > 99%；氨基酸同源性达 100%。重组质粒经 IPTG 诱导，阳性重组菌转化子均有表达；当吸光度（A ）值等于 0.6 ~ 0.8 时，相对分子质量约 70 000 处出现目的蛋白条带。破碎的重组菌 pET28a-EAP上清液中目的蛋白条带较清楚，沉淀中几乎看不到。终浓度 1 mmol/L 为最佳蛋白表达工作浓度。IPTG 诱导 1 h 重组 EAP 融合蛋白有一定量的表达，随着时间的延长，表达量增加不明显，3 h 时的表达量达最高，之后，蛋白表达量变化不明显。表达的重组 EAP 融合蛋白含量占全菌体蛋白的 29.6%。 结论 成功地克隆和表达了金黄色葡萄球菌重组 EAP 融合蛋白，为进一步研究以 EAP 蛋白作为免疫原预防和治疗由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的疾病奠定基础。     

Evaluation of endothelial cell migration with a novel in vitro assay system

In this study we introduce a novel in vitro 'oil-drop' assay system for the measurement of endothelial cell (EC) migration, based on the original concept of the Teflon fence assay (Pratt et al., 1984; Am. J. Pathol. 117: 349–354). An aliquot of 15–20,000 human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC) is pipetted through a layer of mineral oil. The cells readily attach, spread and migrate on the surface of a matrix-coated tissue culture dish as a confluent circular monolayer. Migration is measured as the net increase in the total area covered at 24 hours. We have used this system to quantify EC migration on matrices composed of a mixture of type I collagen and either von Willebrand factor (vWF) or fibronectin (FN) in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Plating efficiency on both vWF/collagen and FN/collagen, measured by counting cells after attachment and spreading, is about 80%. With this method, migration on vWF/collagen was about 6.4 mm² and 5.3 mm² for TNF-treated and untreated HUVEC, respectively. HUVEC migration on FN/collagen was slightly greater – 6.4 mm² and 6.5 mm² with and without TNF treatment, respectively. During the 24 hour time period, HUVEC numbers increased 30–40% on vWF/collagen, and 60–80% on FN/collagen, with increased proliferation observed with TNF- treatment. EC proliferation could be completely inhibited by 2 mM hydroxyurea. This assay system has proven useful in our studies to quantify cell migration and proliferation.     

p38MAPK参与高糖刺激大鼠肾小管上皮细胞产生细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ

目的：探讨p38MAPK信号通路在高糖刺激大鼠肾小管上皮细胞产生细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ中的作用。 方法： 采用体外培养和Western blotting等方法，以不同浓度D-葡萄糖、p38MAPK信号通路特异性阻断剂SB203580以及用不同时间刺激正常大鼠肾小管上皮细胞NRK52E，分别检NRK52E细胞p38MAPK磷酸化水平和细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ的表达。 结果： 随D-葡萄糖浓度增加，p38MAPK磷酸化水平、胶原Ⅲ的产生也增加，SB203580可有效阻断高糖引起p38MAPK磷酸化水平的升高和细胞外基质胶原Ⅲ的表达的增高。 结论： 高糖引起p38MAPK磷酸化水平的升高可能在糖尿病肾病的肾间质纤维化中发挥重要作用。SB203580有潜在的糖尿病肾病防治的临床应用价值。     

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses specific to SARS-CoV-2 during mild versus severe COVID-19

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Studies on fine structure and location of lipids in quick-freeze replicas of atherosclerotic aorta of WHHL rabbits

Summary The fine structure of intracellular and extracellular lipids in the atherosclerotic aorta of Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits was demonstrated by a quick-freeze etching technique. Many lipid droplets, with and without a membrane, were observed in the foam cells. Membrane-free droplets were observed as onionlike structure with a concentric lamellar structure surrounded by 10 nm filaments. Droplets surrounded by a limited membrane probably correspond to lipid-laden lysosomes.In the extracellular connective tissue space, marked accumulation of lipids with a vesicular structure was seen among collagen fibers. The appearance of these lipids was similar to that of lipids in lysosomes of foam cells.     

Effects of cytosolic Ca2+ on the Ca2+ content of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in saponin-permeabilized rat ventricular trabeculae

 Rat ventricular trabeculae were mounted for isometric tension recording, and then permeabilized with saponin. The Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]) within the permeabilized preparation (cytosolic [Ca²⁺]) was monitored continuously using Indo-1 and the integrals of Ca²⁺ transients resulting from brief caffeine application used as an index of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca²⁺ content. The relationship between SR Ca²⁺ content and cytosolic [Ca²⁺] was studied within the reported physiological range (i.e. 50–250 nmol · l^–1 Ca²⁺). Increasing cytosolic [Ca²⁺] from 50 nmol · l^–1 to 250 nmol · l^–1 increased the steady-state SR Ca²⁺ content about threefold. However, increasing [Ca²⁺] above 250 nmol · l^–1 typically resulted in spontaneous SR Ca²⁺ release, with no further increase in SR Ca²⁺ content. The SR Ca²⁺ content increased only slowly when cytosolic [Ca²⁺] was increased; it was unchanged 20 s after a rapid increase in cytosolic [Ca²⁺], but increased progressively to a new steady-state level during the following 1–2 min. In a parallel series of experiments using intact papillary muscles, increasing extracellular [Ca²⁺] (from 0.5 to 5 mmol · l^–1) significantly increased twitch tension within 20 s of the solution change. These results support previous suggestions that the SR Ca²⁺ content may increase when diastolic cytosolic [Ca²⁺] rises during inotropic interventions such as increased stimulus rate or extracellular [Ca²⁺]. However, the rate at which SR Ca²⁺ responds to changes in cytoplasmic [Ca²⁺] within the diastolic range does not appear rapid enough to explain the early potentiation of twitch tension in intact preparations after an increase in extracellular [Ca²⁺]. Received: 26 August 1997 / Accepted: 28 October 1997     

Presenilin regulates extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) activity by a protein kinase C alpha dependent mechanism

Presenilin (PS1 and PS2) mutations cause early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to affecting β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and Aβ generation, PSs regulate a number of signaling pathways. We previously showed that PSs regulate both phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) α and γ activities. We also reported that PS double knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have reduced levels of PKCα and enhanced levels of PKCδ. Here, we determined whether the PS modulation of PLC/PKC has consequences for extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) signaling. Erk has been suggested to be important in AD pathology by modulating APP processing and tau phosphorylation. We found that knocking out PS1 or PS2 alone resulted in increased Erk activity and that this effect could be reversed by the PKCα inhibitor Gö6976. We also found that Erk activity following either PLC or PKC stimulation was significantly lower in PS double knockout cells and that treatment with the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PdBu) down-regulated total-Erk levels in all cells except PS double knockouts. These results demonstrate that PSs regulate Erk activity through a PKCα dependent pathway and that disruption of PLC/PKC signaling in the absence of both PS1 and PS2 results in lower downstream activation of Erk.     

MAPK 通路抑制剂对低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉收缩的影响

目的： 观察肺主动脉环、二级肺动脉环在急性低氧高二氧化碳介质中张力的变化；探讨 MAPK 信号通路抑制剂 U0126、SB203580 对低氧高二氧化碳性肺血管收缩的影响。方法: 制备离体 SD 大鼠肺主动脉环、二级肺动脉环。分别观察肺主动脉环、二级肺动脉环在常氧及急性低氧高二氧化碳介质中的张力变化；在急性低氧高二氧化碳条件下分别用 U0126、SB203580 孵育二级肺动脉，观察各自对低氧高二氧化碳性肺动脉收缩的影响。结果: 在常氧条件下,肺主动脉、二级肺动脉张力均无明显变化。急性低氧高二氧化碳条件下二级肺动脉发生双向性收缩反应，肺主动脉只在低氧高二氧化碳早期出现较明显的收缩峰，后期则变化不明显。二级肺动脉分别经ERK1/2上游激酶抑制剂 U0126、p38 MAPK 通路抑制剂 SB203580 孵育后，Ⅱ期持续收缩幅度明显下降（P<0.05)，Ⅰ期快速收缩峰、Ⅰ期舒张均没有明显变化。结论: 在离体条件下，急性低氧高二氧化碳（PO₂ = 30-35 mmHg，PCO₂=55-60 mmHg)可使肺主动脉出现早期快速收缩，并可使二级肺动脉环发生双向性收缩反应；急性低氧高二氧化碳条件下，U0126、SB203580 均能减弱二级肺动脉环的Ⅱ期持续收缩反应。这为临床治疗缺氧和高碳酸血症引起的肺血管收缩及肺动脉高压提供了理论依据。