骨盆外固定支架治疗骨盆骨折

目的: 探讨用外固定架治疗不稳定型骨盆骨折的可行性、特点及具体方法。方法: 根据骨盆骨折稳定性的Tile创伤分类, 对不同的创伤类型应用相对应的作用力进行固定,达到消除骨盆骨折移位、稳定骨盆环的目的。结果: 本组 13例, 1例未随访, 12例获得平均 23. 4个月随访, 7例均获得骨性愈合, 恢复原有工作, 3例良好, 2例可, 总优良率为 83. 3%。结论: 外固定术具有创伤小, 操作简单, 不增加损伤等优点。对于骨盆后侧韧带保持完整的B型骨折, 由于外固定架与后韧带群的协同作用, 因而能形成可靠固定。对同时存在垂直不稳定型的骨盆骨折, 骨外固定术可稳定骨折块, 减少出血, 从而有利于稳定血流动力学, 为早期复苏赢得时间。骨盆外固定支架是治疗B型骨盆骨折的一种较好的方法。     

外固定加有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨外固定架结合有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床疗效。方法自2001年1月至2004年5月采用外固定架加有限内固定治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折35例。男16例,女19例;年龄21～75岁,平均47.3岁。按AO/ASIF分型:A3型9例,C2型9例,C3型17例。开放性骨折4例,但皮肤及软组织损伤较轻,污染轻。手术方法中单纯手法牵引复位加外固定架27例,经皮钢针撬拨复位加外固定架5例,尺骨固定加外固定架3例。受伤至手术时间为0.5h～21d,平均6.6d(2例陈旧性骨折除外)。结果术后随访5～30个月,平均12个月。按照解剖学上的恢复结果,解剖复位9例、功能复位24例、接近功能复位2例。术前尺偏角为-15°～15°(平均10.5°)及掌倾角-30°～0°(平均-10°),术后尺偏角20°～35°(平均25°)及掌倾角0°～20°(平均11.5°)。关节功能疗效按Dienst功能评估标准进行评定:优12例、良21例、可2例。无针道感染,无针孔骨折,无医原性神经、血管损伤,无伤口感染及骨髓炎等并发症。结论外固定架结合有限内固定是治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的一种较好的方法,其操作简单、固定可靠、疗效满意、并发症少。为桡骨远端骨折的治疗提供一种能明显促进骨折愈合、减少术后感染的新思路。     

Clinical outcomes of an olive wire and external fixator versus a metallic screw in the treatment of inferior tibiofibular syndesmosis injuries in ankle fractures

BackgroundMetal screws are the most widely used in treating syndesmotic injuries, but failure and the rigidity of the screws can threaten the success of the treatment and increase the cost of care. We have provided an alternative with an olive wire and external fixator(OWEF) used for syndesmotic fixation.MethodsA retrospective longitudinal follow-up study was conducted. From February 2011 to January 2018, 58 of 72 patients with ankle fractures and associated syndesmotic disruption were treated with either screw or OWEF fixation. The costs, complications, and clinical outcomes using Olerud-Molander score and Visual Analog score in screw and OWEF fixation group were compared.ResultsWe found the severity of the injury, BMI of the patients and the different fixation methods were determinants of the complications and clinical outcomes. But if no malreduction of the syndesmosis was present, no difference in clinical result was detected.ConclusionThe OWEF method appeared to be at least equally functional and effective to screw fixation while maintaining possible lower complication rate.Levels of clinical evidenceLevel 3     

腕关节外固定支具联合复方倍他米松、甲钴胺治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效

目的:分析腕关节外固定支具联合复方倍他米松、甲钴胺治疗对腕管综合征(CTS)临床疗效、Boston 腕管问卷调查评分(BTCQ)及生活质量的影响。方法:回顾性收集2019年1月—2020年1月在我院收治的201例CTS患者的临床资料。所有患者均佩戴腕关节外固定支具,其中A组联合复方倍他米松注射液1 mL(52例)、B组予甲钴胺注射液0.5 mg(68例),C组予复方倍他米松1 mL联合甲钴胺0.5mg(81例)。对比三组治疗后3周的临床疗效、电生理指标改变情况、疼痛情况、症状缓解时间、BTCQ、生活质量以及不良反应。结果:C组总有效率为97.53%,明显高于A组(76.92%)、B组(72.06%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。A、B组治疗后疼痛及麻木缓解时间、电生理指标及VAS评分比较,均无明显差异(P＞0.05),治疗后三组患者感觉神经传导速度(SCV)、运动神经传导速度(MCV)、肌肉动作电位(CMAP)值均升高,正中神经末端运动潜伏期(DML)值均降低,C组SCV、MCV、CMAP值均高于A、B组,DML值低于A、B组(P<0.05);三组治疗后视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)评分出现降低,C组VAS评分明显低于A、B组(P<0.05);C组疼痛及麻木缓解时间明显短于A、B组(P<0.05);治疗后,C组BTCQ明显低于A、B组,PCS、MCS评分则高于A、B组(P<0.05),A、B组治疗后BTCQ、PCS、MCS评分比较均无差异(P＞0.05);三组均未出现严重不良反应,A组不良反应总发生率为1.92%、B组为2.94%、C组为4.93%,三组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论:腕关节外固定支具联合复方倍他米松、甲钴胺治疗CTS可提高患者治疗效果,改善腕功能,提高患者生活质量。     

闭合性胫骨骨折兔模型的建立与评估

目的：探讨改良设计的三点弯曲骨折装置用于建立闭合性胫骨骨折兔模型的效果。方法：选取6月龄SPF级健康雄性新西兰兔40只,体质量2.5~3.0 kg,制备闭合性胫骨骨折兔模型,并于术后6周进行模型验证。预造模组5只,造模前未行临时外固定,后以改良设计三点弯曲骨折装置进行骨折;正式造模组35只,造模前行穿针及夹板外固定,后以改良设计三点弯曲骨折装置进行骨折。于术后2 h及4、6周行影像学、组织病理学评估骨折模型情况及愈合进程。结果：造模后2 h,预造模组呈不同程度的斜行骨折且断端明显移位;正式造模组除1只粉碎性骨折,2只弯曲蝶形骨折,2只未显示明显骨折线外,其余均呈简单横行及斜行骨折,断端无明显移位。根据判定标准,模型成功率为85.71%。造模后4周,实验兔固定针及夹板位置良好,骨折对位对线良好,骨折线已模糊不清,骨折端周围可见大量连续骨痂生长,骨痂密度较高。造模后6周,镜下见骨折处大量粗大的新生骨小梁,边缘成骨细胞附着并见少量巨噬细胞,膜内成骨区域为编织骨阶段,骨折处髓腔已部分再通,骨痂处于吸收塑性阶段,可见大量破骨细胞。X线显示骨折线几乎消失,髓腔部分已通,周围见外骨痂减少,骨痂处于塑形期,骨皮质连续。提示骨折模型呈二期愈合。结论：改良三点弯曲骨折装置可建立稳定的闭合性胫骨骨折兔模型,且操作简便,符合骨折愈合相关基础研究对闭合性骨折模型的要求。     

外固定器牵拉腰椎对马尾诱发电位及功能的影响

为研究马尾神经对牵拉损伤的耐受极限及其在不同强度损伤下的变化过程，作者设计了动物马尾神经牵拉损伤的模型。手术将家犬Ｌ_（３、４）椎骨间连接的韧带及椎间盘彻底松解，并在Ｌ_２、Ｌ_３、Ｌ_４及Ｌ_５椎体中各穿针一枚，连接外固定器。用外固定器撑大Ｌ_（３、４），椎骨间隙，于不同的牵拉强度和时间，检测动物马尾诱发电位、下肢疼痛反射和肌力。实验发现，急性２ｃｍ牵拉损伤可引起马尾诱发电位波形降低和畸变；立即去除牵拉损伤力，马尾诱发电位波形迅速恢复正常，次日动物肌力和疼痛反射恢复正常。但持久的２ｃｍ牵拉损伤，则造成持续的马尾诱发电位降低、畸变和运动、痛觉障碍。将牵拉损伤长度增加到３ｃｍ、４ｃｍ，则见到马尾诱发电位波形进一步降低、畸变，最后消失。由此可见椎骨间分离移位，可造成椎管内神经根牵拉损伤，使马尾诱发电位波幅降低或消失，并产生运动、痛觉障碍。轻度牵拉损伤引起的神经功能障碍是可以恢复的。但严重的牵拉损伤则引起不可逆转的神经功能障碍或丧失。     

单臂外固定支架治疗股骨颈骨折进针方法的改进

股骨颈骨折采用经皮穿多根骨圆针单臂外固定支架治疗,有多项优点。但因常规进针时针穿过了阔筋膜及股外侧肌,影响了膝关节活动,最终影响了整个下肢的活动,产生了许多术后并发症。通过对进针途径的改进,避免了膝关节活动受限,减少了术后并发症的发生,治疗效果更好。     

Treatment of intertrochanteric fractures in geriatric patients with a modified external fixator

Forty-two geriatric patients who had an intertrochanteric fracture were treated with a semicircular modification of the Ilizarov frame designed by Cattaneo and Catagni between January 1997 and September 2001. Twenty-five of the patients were female, 17 male. The average age of the patients was 77.5 years (range, 63-99). No intraoperative complication occurred. Deep pin-track infection was found in four patients and varus deformity was observed in two patients and shortening of less than 2 cm in 10 patients. Fixator removal was achieved in a mean time of 12 weeks (range, 10-18). No implant failure, refracture or stiffness of knee and hip joint movements was recorded. We concluded that the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures of the elderly patients with our modification provides significant advantages such as minimal operative and anaesthetic risks, no blood loss, early weight-bearing, short hospitalisation time and rapid union time.     

Secondary effects of femoral instrumentation on pulmonary physiology in a standardised sheep model: what is the effect of lung contusion and reaming?

Intramedullary nailing is the treatment of choice for patients with femoral shaft fractures. However, there is an ongoing debate in multiple trauma patients with associated lung contusion when primary or secondary definitive stabilisation of the long bone fracture should be performed, as nailing is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In a standardised sheep model, this study aimed to quantify the development of acute pulmonary endothelial changes, to assess the activation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL) and to observe the effects on the coagulation system associated with the reamed nailing procedure. Furthermore, the effect of coexisting lung contusion in an experimental model was evaluated. The animals were randomly assigned to one of four different groups (6 animals/group). In control groups, only a sham operation (thoracotomy) was performed, whereas in study groups, lung contusion was induced prior to femoral stabilisation either by external fixation or reamed femoral nailing. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) pulmonary permeability changes were quantified and PMNL activation was assessed by chemiluminescence. Additionally PMNL diapedesis and interstitial lung oedema were determined by histological analysis. All animals were sacrificed 4 h after the start of the femoral instrumentation. Without an associated lung injury, instrumentation of the femoral canal with the reamed nailing technique induced a transient increase in pulmonary permeability. In the face of an induced lung contusion, reamed femoral nailing resulted in significant increases in PMNL activation, pulmonary permeability and interstitial lung oedema, compared with external fixation. Without pulmonary contusion, reaming of the femoral canal was associated with a transient increase in pulmonary permeability. This was exacerbated in the presence of lung contusion along with increased PMNL activation. External fixation did not provoke similar changes. The findings of this study support the view that reaming of the femoral canal should be avoided in polytrauma patients with severe chest trauma as it could act as an additional stimulus for adverse outcome. Temporary external fixation appears to be a safe method for fracture stabilisation until inflammatory and coagulatory disturbances after trauma have been normalized.     

External fixation reconstruction of the residual problems of benign bone tumours

The mechanical features of and biologic response to using distraction osteogenesis with the circular external fixator are the unique aspects of Ilizarov’s contribution that allows deformity correction and reconstruction of bone defects. We present a retrospective study of 20 patients who suffered from a variety of benign tumours for which external fixators (EF) were used to treat deformity, bone loss, and limb-length discrepancy. A total of 26 bony segments in twenty patients (10 males, 10 females; mean age 17 years; range 7–58 years) were treated with EF for residual problems from the tumour itself (primary treatment) in 8 patients and for complications related to the primary surgery (secondary treatment) in 12 patients. Histological diagnoses were Ollier’s disease (n = 4), Fibrous Dysplasia (n = 5), Congenital multiple exostosis (n = 5), giant cell tumour (n = 2) and one case for chondromyxoid fibroma, desmoid fibroma, chondroma and unicameral bone cyst. Various types of external fixators used to treat these problems. These were Ilizarov, unilateral fixator, multiaxial correction frame (Biomet, Parsippany, NJ), Taylor spatial frame (Memphis, TN) and smart correction multiaxial frame. The mean follow-up time was 69.5 months (range 35–108 months). The mean external fixation time was 159.5 days (range 27–300 days). The mean external fixation index was 67.4 days/cm (12–610) in 26 limbs who underwent distraction osteogenesis. The mean length of distraction was 4.9 cm (range 0.2–14 cm). At final follow-up, all patients had returned to normal activities. Complications were in the form of knee arthrodesis in one patient, pin tract infection in six and residual shortening in eight patients. The use of EF and the principles of distraction osteogenesis, in the management of problems associated with benign bone tumours and related surgery yields successful results especially in young patients. With this approach, the risk for recurrence of shortening and deformity may be minimized with overcorrection or over-lengthening as dictated by preoperative planning.