Prevalence of carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria and associated factors in a French hospital

ObjectivesOur aim was to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors for carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteria (ESBL-PE) in a healthcare facility.MethodsIn 2016 a serial cross-sectional survey of ESBL-PE carriage in a French university hospital was conducted. All patients present on the day of the survey were screened for ESBL-PE carriage. Demographic characteristics and risk factors for ESBL-PE carriage were collected.ResultsIn all, 146/844 patients (17%) were digestive carriers of ESBL-PE; of these, 96 (66%) had not previously been identified. Among patients carrying ESBL-PE, Escherichia coli (62%) and CTX-M type (94%) predominated. Greater age, recent travel abroad, receipt of antibiotic, and prolonged hospitalization were associated with ESBL-PE carriage.ConclusionGiven the high prevalence of ESBL-PE and the high proportion of unknown carriers, our results strongly suggest reinforcing standard precautions rather than contact precautions for controlling the spread of ESBL-PE.     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌基因型研究

目的：了解泸州地区临床分离产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs基因型的流行特征。方法：用聚合酶链反应法（PCR）对ESBLs菌株进行扩增,产物行琼脂糖凝胶电泳,紫外灯下观察结果,明确ESBLs基因型。结果：97株产ESBLs菌株中基因分布数据为TEM基因型15株（15.5%）,SHV基因型17株（17.5%）,非TEM、非SHV基因型占67.0%。结论：本地区产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌基因型部分为TEM型和SHV型,较大部分为其他型ESBLs。     

血流感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的药敏分析

目的筛选对超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的敏感抗生素,为提高ESBLs感染患者临床治愈率提供指导。方法血液感染患者用BacT/Alert全自动血培养仪细菌培养、VitekⅡ细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定,K-B药敏纸片测定法进行药敏试验并筛选出ESBLs细菌160株,肉汤稀释法测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 ESBLs菌以大肠埃希菌为主,对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢美唑、替加环素、黏菌素和阿米卡星的敏感性分别为100%、100%、94.38%、100%、100%和95.63%,而对头孢他啶和四代头孢菌素的头孢吡肟的敏感率仅达58%,加酶抑制剂的复合抗生素敏感性分别为哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、替卡西林/克拉维酸和氨苄西林/舒巴坦,敏感率分别为82.50%、80.63%、13.13%和3.75%。结论治疗ESBLs感染应以抗生素敏感性试验为指导,提高救治率。     

Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Proteus mirabilis in a Taiwanese university hospital, 1999 to 2005: identification of a novel CTX-M enzyme (CTX-M-66)

A total of 1574 nonduplicate Proteus mirabilis isolates collected at a Taiwanese hospital during 1999 to 2005 were analyzed for production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Forty-four ESBL-producing isolates including 22 CTX-M-14, 18 CTX-M-3, 2 CTX-M-24, and 2 CTX-M-66 producers were detected, and the proportion of ESBL producers increased from 0.7% in 1999 to approximately 6% after 2002. CTX-M-66 is a novel variant of CTX-M ESBLs that differs from CTX-M-3 by a Ser to Asn change at amino acid position 23. Coresistances to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin were very common in the CTX-M-3 producers. The presence of ArmA-type or RmtB-type 16S rRNA methylase that confers high-level aminoglycoside resistance was detected in 12 CTX-M-3 producers and 4 CTX-M-14 producers. Twenty-four clones including an endemic CTX-M-14-producing clone were observed among the 44 ESBL producers by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, suggesting that both horizontal transfer and clonal spread contributed to the increased prevalence of bla(CTX-M) in P. mirabilis.     

Characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Salmonella spp. at a tertiary hospital in Durban, South Africa

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) were characterized in 41 Salmonella spp. isolates from patients admitted to a pediatric ward of a tertiary hospital in Durban, South Africa. The most common (17/ 41) serotype was Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium, followed by S. enterica serotype Isangi (16/41), S. enterica serotype Saint-paul (2/41), S. enterica serotype Kissi (2/41), S. enterica serotype Kivu (2/41), and S. enterica serotype Reading (1/41). All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and aztreonam but susceptible to meropenem. SHV-12 found in 39% of the isolates was the most common ESBL. TEM-63 was produced in 29% and TEM-116 in 10% of the isolates, and TEM-131 was found in 1 isolate. Other ESBLs that were identified included SHV-2 (n = 2), CTX-M-3 (n = 1), CTX-M-15 (n = 2), and CTX-M-37 (n = 5). In addition, CMY-2 (n = 3) and the OXA-1(n = 1) beta-lactamase were also detected. The diversity of ESBLs suggests that its incidence in Salmonellae needs to be monitored.     

大肠埃希菌感染的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的 分析大肠埃希菌感染的临床分布特点及耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供科学依据.方法 采用常规方法分离大肠埃希菌,全自动细菌鉴定仪VITEK-2 Compact进行细菌的鉴定,纸片扩散法(K-B法)做药敏试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行分析.结果 分离的775株大肠埃希菌,来自临床送检的各类标本,主要以痰液、尿液及脓液标本为主,分别占43.1％、28.8％及11.5％;大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)检出率为63.7％;药敏结果显示,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率为100.0％,对头孢替坦、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、呋喃妥因耐药率较低,对青霉素类、头孢菌素类及氨曲南耐药率均＞60.0％,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的耐药率大部分高于非产ESBLs菌株.结论 大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性严重,应加强耐药性监测.     

对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的检测和耐药性分析

目的 :了解临床病人标本中产超广谱 β-内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)细菌的检出率及耐药情况 ,以指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法 :用NCCLS规定的表型确证试验进行ESBLs的检测。结果 :ESBLs的总阳性率为 19.9% ,大肠埃希菌为 18. 1% ,肺炎克雷伯菌为 2 2 . 7%。产ESBLs菌对 8种抗生素的耐药率与不产ESBLs菌相比有显著差异 (P <0 0 5 ) ,对 3种抗生素 (亚胺培南、头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦、哌拉西林 /他唑巴坦 )的耐药率与不产ESBLs菌相比无显著差异。结论 :临床实验室应加强对ESBLs的检测 ,治疗产ESBLs菌引起的感染 ,应选用头霉素、碳青霉烯类及含酶抑制剂的复合抗生素。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性

目的了解解放军174医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的检出和耐药情况。方法采用美国临床和实验室标准化协会（CLSI）推荐的纸片确证法对分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行验证,检出的阳性菌用抗生素纸片检测其耐药性。结果35．6％（52／146）的大肠埃希菌和34．5％（30／87）的肺炎克雷伯菌产生ESBLs;单独用头孢噻肟（CTX）为筛选底物时,灵敏度高,达到100％,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对美洛培南耐药率为0,对头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、磺胺的耐药率较低,对其他抗生素的耐药性较高。结论头孢噻肟是最佳的筛选底物,产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌不仅对第3代头孢菌素呈现较高的耐药,而且对氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类抗生素也呈现多重耐药现象。     

广州地区革兰阴性杆菌CTX-M和OXA型广谱β-内酰胺酶基因分型研究

目的调查广州地区临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌中CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和OXA型广谱β-内酰胺酶(beta-lactamase,Bla)的主要基因型别及其流行情况.方法按照NCCLS 2001年标准筛选广州地区临床分离菌株的ESBLs表型;用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增法和DNA测序法进行ESBLs基因序列分析.结果PCR扩增结果显示,CTX-M1、CTX-M2、CTX-M9群和OXA的总阳性率在本地区临床分离的临床检测ESBLs阳性的革兰阴性杆菌中分别为9.96%、0、35.5%和1.6%,同时检出≥两种ESBLs基因的菌株数64株,阳性率为5.9%;序列分析进一步证实了CTX-M型ESBLs的具体型别,包括CTX-M-3、CTX-M-22、CTX-M-9、CTX-M-14、CTX-M-17、CTX-M-18、CTX-M-21、CTX-M-24、TOHO-2和TOHO-3,其比例分别为3.23%、3.7%、4.99%、3.32%、2.21%、3.69%、2.95%、4.43%、1.85%和1.48%;其中以CTX-M-9和CTX-M-24阳性率较高;在本地区只检出1种OXA型Bla-OXA-2/PSE-2(1.38%,15/1084);另外,还检出了8株无法具体归类的CTX-M-9型ESBLs,占0.74%;CTX-M型基因主要分布于大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中,分别占42.8%和36.3%,而OXA基因则主要分布于铜绿假单胞菌中,占80%.结论本地区CTX-M类ESBLs也较为常见,其中尤以CTX-M-9和CTX-M-24为主,暂无CTX-M2群ESBLs,可能存在1种或多种新的CTX-M型ESBLs.     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌的临床分布及耐药特征

目的 了解本地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)细菌的临床分布及耐药特性。方法 采用双纸片扩散法对临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌(G^-B)进行ESBLs确证试验，并将ESBLs产生株的临床分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性进行分析。结果 在613株G^-B中，共检出产ESBLs上细菌108株，检出率为17．6％。ESBLs产生株主要见于大肠埃希菌(45／155，29．0％)和肺炎克雷伯菌(39／133，29．3％)；标本来源主要为痰液标本，其次为尿液标本和创面分泌物；科室分布以重症监护病房(ICU)和呼吸科最多，其次为肾内科和神经内科：ESBLs产生株对大多数常用抗菌药物呈现高度耐药，敏感性较高的只有亚胺培南、哌拉西林／三唑巴坦等抗菌药物。结论 产ESBLs细菌临床分布广泛，对大多数抗菌药物呈现多重耐药，需引起临床的高度重视。