Intubating laryngeal mask for airway management in lateral decubitus state: comparative study of right and left lateral positions

Background. The intubating laryngeal mask has been used forthe emergency management of the airway in patients placed inthe lateral decubitus position. We have conducted this prospectivestudy to compare the feasibility of placement of an intubatinglaryngeal mask and blind tracheal intubation guided by the intubatinglaryngeal mask in patients placed in the right and the leftlateral positions. Methods. A total of 82 adults of both sexes with normal airways,scheduled for cholecystectomy, were allocated randomly to beplaced in either the right (n=41) or left (n=41) lateral positionfor the insertion of an intubating laryngeal mask and blindtracheal intubation guided by the intubating laryngeal maskunder balanced general anaesthesia. A sequence of standard manoeuvreswas performed after each failed attempt at intubating laryngealmask placement and intubation. Results. The intubating laryngeal mask was placed in all patientsat the first attempt. Ventilation of the lungs through the intubatinglaryngeal mask was possible in 40 patients (97.5%) from eachgroup after the first attempt at insertion (P=1). Followingadjustments, adequate ventilation could be achieved in all patients.The first attempt success rates of blind tracheal intubationwere 85.3% (35/41) and 87.8% (36/41) in the right and left lateralgroups, respectively (P=1). The remaining patients from bothgroups (except for one patient in the left lateral group whohad a failed intubation) were intubated at the second attempt. Conclusion. Insertion of the intubating laryngeal mask and blindtracheal intubation through it in the lateral position is feasiblein patients with normal airways. These procedures have a highand comparable success rate when patients are placed in theright and left lateral positions.     

GlideScope视频喉镜在颈椎外伤患者气管插管中的应用

目的观察全麻下应用GlideScope视频喉镜进行气管插管的成功率及插管时的心血管反应,评价其在颈椎外伤患者中的应用价值。方法168例择期或急诊颈椎手术患者,美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）分级I-Ⅱ级,随机分为2组（n=84）：Glidescope喉镜组（G组）和纤维支气管镜组（F组）。在快速静脉全麻诱导后分别用GlideScope视频喉镜和纤维支气管镜经口腔插管,记录插管操作时间、次数和并发症,并测量诱导前（T1）、诱导后（T2）、插管时（L）、插管后lmin（T4）、气管插管后3min（T5）的心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）及平均动脉压（MAP）。结果G组84例患者中,78例一次插管成功,4例二次插管成功,2例插管失败,改为纤维支气管镜插管,插管成功率为97．6％;F组84例均成功插管。气管插管过程中2组的HR、SBP、DBP、MAP平稳,而且2组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论GlideScope视频喉镜插管迅速,成功率高,心血管反应轻微,操作简便,便于携带,适合颈椎外伤患者应用管理气道。     

Use of premedication for intubation in tertiary neonatal units in the United Kingdom

Background:  Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy are frequently performed procedures in neonatal intensive care. These procedures represent profoundly painful stimuli and have been associated with laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hemodynamic changes, raised intracranial pressure and an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. These adverse changes can cause significant neonatal morbidity but may be attenuated by the use of suitable premedication.
Aims:  To evaluate current practices for premedication use prior to elective intubation in UK tertiary neonatal units.
Methods:  Telephone questionnaire survey of all 50 tertiary neonatal units in the UK.
Results:  Ninety percent of units report the routine use of sedation prior to intubation and 82% of units routinely use a muscle relaxant. Morphine was the most commonly used sedative and suxamethonium was the most commonly used muscle relaxant. Approximately half of the units also used atropine during intubation. Seventy seven percent of units had a written policy for premedication. Ten percent of the units did not routinely use any sedatives or muscle relaxants for elective intubation.
Conclusions:  In comparison with data from a 1998 survey, our study demonstrated an increase in the number of units that have adopted a written policy for premedication use, and in the number routinely using premedication drugs for elective intubation. There remains little consensus as to which drugs should be used and in what dose.     

Stridor is not a scientifically valid outcome measure for assessing airway injury

Since about a decade cuffed intubation is becoming more popular in pediatric anesthesia. Studies supporting cuffed intubation compared cuffed and uncuffed intubation by using stridor as main outcome measure after extubation. No differentiations were made between benign (oedema) and severe (ulceration of mucosa) lesions. Stridor was considered to represent all relevant injuries. Far reaching conclusions for daily practice were drawn from these studies. Pediatric endoscopists and – ENT-surgeons with extensive experience in this field have warned against this opinion because significant injury of the airway is not always accompanied by stridor! The symptom of stridor might develop weeks and months after injury when silent ulcerations of the mucosa retract to significant stenosis. Only endoscopy can evidently detect all airway injuries. Studies describing airway injury by endoscopic control are urgently needed to find the best way of preventing airway injury by intubation.     

Removal of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in adults using flexible bronchoscopy: experience 1995–2006

Background  Tracheobronchial foreign body (TFB) removal in adult patients using the combined technique of flexible bronchoscopy (FBSC) through the endotracheal tube as well as using the simple FBSC has not often been described. This study reports our experience with FBSC for removal of TFBs and describes diagnosis, techniques of removal, and types of TFBs. Methods  We retrospectively examined bronchoscopic records of adult patients performed between 1995 and 2006 and collection of foreign bodies in Clinical Department for Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital Split, Croatia. Results  TFBs were found in 86 (0.33%) out of 26,124 patients who were submitted to bronchoscopy. The majority of the patients (90%) had some risk factor for aspiration, among which stroke (30%) was the most frequent. Patients with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases together accounted for 58% of all patients with TFB aspiration. Medical history was suggestive of foreign body aspiration in 38.4% of the patients, while chest X-ray was indicative in 7% of the patients. TFBs were most often found in the right bronchial tree (75.6%). The most common TFBs were animal and fish bones (39.5%). In 90.7% of the patients they were successfully removed under FBSC, whereas in 8.1% of the patients a TFB was extracted with flexible bronchoscope through endotracheal tube. Surgery was needed in only one case. Conclusions  Although foreign bodies in the tracheobronchial tree are rare in adults, the clinician must be aware of their likelihood. Foreign body aspiration should be considered especially in the etiology of recurrent lung diseases and in the presence of risk factors for aspiration, in particular with different neurologic and neuromuscular diseases. They can be successfully and safely removed in the majority of patients under local anesthesia by using FBSC. In cases when repeated procedure is needed, endotracheal tube is recommended.     

Hemodynamic and catecholamine responses during tracheal intubation using a lightwand device (Trachlight) in elderly patients with hypertension

Purpose.Tracheal intubation using a lightwand device (Trachlight) should minimize hemodynamic change by avoiding direct-vision laryngoscopy. We evaluated hemodynamic and catecholamine responses during tracheal intubation using a Trachlight in elderly patients with hypertension.Methods.Twenty-six hypertensive patients aged over 65 years undergoing orthopedic surgery were randomly divided into two groups, group L (n = 13) and group T (n = 13). Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl (2g·kg^–1) and propofol (1.5mg·kg^–1), and then muscle relaxation was obtained with vecuronium (0.15mg·kg^–1). The trachea was intubated with either a Macintosh laryngoscope (group L) or a Trachlight (group T). Hemodynamics, plasma catecholamine concentrations, and arterial blood gases were measured before the induction of anesthesia (T0), before tracheal intubation (T1), immediately after tracheal intubation (T2), and 3min after tracheal intubation (T3).Results.The intubation time was shorter in group T than in group L (12.6 ± 1.7 vs 23.5 ± 2.9s, mean ± SE; P 0.01). Compared with the preinduction (T0) value, systolic blood pressure (SBP) showed a significant decrease at T1 and T3 in group L and at T1, T2, and T3 in group T. The heart rate (HR) and plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentration showed no change in either group throughout the time course, whereas the plasma epinephrine (E) concentration showed a significant decrease at T2 and T3 in both groups. The mean values of the rate-pressure product (RPP: HR × SBP) were less than 15 000 after tracheal intubation in both groups. There was no significant difference in hemodynamic or catecholamine responses between groups at any point. No patient had ischemic ST-T changes in either group.Conclusion.A lightwand has no advantage over a laryngoscope in terms of hemodynamic and plasma catecholamine responses to tracheal intubation in elderly patients with hypertension, despite a shorter intubation time.     

气管插管病人胃管置入方法研究

目的 探讨气管插管病人胃管置入方法。方法 将264例气管插管病人随机分为卡弗放气组(A组)、卡费不放气组(B组)、头部前倾组(C组)和镇静状态下牵拉气管组(D组)各66例；观察并比较一次置管成功率，置管前后HR、SpO2及置管过程中呛咳发生率。结果①一次置管成功率比较，A组与B组差异无显著性意义(P＞0．05)，C组显著低于A、B组(均P＜0．05)，D组显著高于其它各组(均P＜0．01)。②置管后HR、SpO2与各自置管前相比，B、D组无显著性意义(均P＞0．05)，A、C组HR明显加快、SpO2明显降低(P＜0．05，P＜0．01）；C组置管过程中呛咳发生率显著高于其他各组(均P＜0．01)。结论 对气管插管病人在镇静状态下牵拉气管的同时置入胃管准确性高、不良反应少。     

新型内镜鼻面罩在纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管中的临床应用

目的 探讨新型内镜鼻面罩在纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管中的临床应用。方法 选择60例拟行纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管的患者,随机分为对照组（n=30）和试验组（n=30）: 对照组采用鼻导管供氧右美托咪定联合低剂量丙泊酚静脉麻醉,试验组采用新型内镜鼻面罩供氧右美托咪定联合低剂量丙泊酚静脉麻醉。记录两组患者SPO2＜90%发生率、插管时间及麻醉前（T0）、麻醉后（T1）、纤维支气管镜进入气道即刻（T2）、气管导管送入即刻（T3）、气管插管后5min（T4）各时间点的平均动脉压（mean arterial pressure, MAP）、心率（heart rate, HR）,比较患者不良反应发生情况,评估患者麻醉效果评估。结果 两组患者均顺利完成纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管。试验组SPO2＜90%发生率明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）;两组插管时间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。与麻醉前（T0）相比,两组MAP、HR在T1时点降低（P＜0.05）;组间比较,两组MAP、HR在各时点差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;两组麻醉效果均较好,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 两组方法均能安全有效地用于纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管。新型内镜鼻面罩可有效防止静脉麻醉所引起的舌根后坠,保障呼吸道通畅,且供氧充分便捷,值得在纤维支气管镜辅助气管插管中推广应用。     

带套囊气管导管在小儿全身麻醉扁桃体射频消融术中的应用*

目的 研究小儿扁桃体射频消融术全身麻醉气管插管时带套囊气管导管应用的安全性。方法 选取2017年11月—2018年1月天津市儿童医院全身麻醉下行扁桃体射频消融术患儿100例。根据气管导管有无套囊选择情况,随机分为带套囊气管导管组（T组）和不带套囊气管导管组（N组）,主要观察指标为拔管后有无喘鸣,次要观察指标为控制呼吸时有无漏气、插管后是否换管、拔管后SpO2最低值以及术后插管相关并发症。结果 两组患儿性别构成、年龄、体重和插管管号等一般情况比较差异无统计学意义（P?>0.05）。两组患儿术中情况比较发现,两组患儿机械通气时间比较,差异无统计学意义（P?>0.05）;T组患儿中有1例术中出现漏气,有1例更换气管导管,N组患儿中有11例出现术中漏气,有8例更换气管导管,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）;两组患儿术毕拔管时喘鸣和拔管后SpO2最低值比较差异无统计学意义（P?>0.05）,但T组患儿拔管时未吸出气管内血性分泌物,N组患儿拔管时有6例出现气管内血性分泌物,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P?<0.05）。结论 带套囊气管导管可安全用于8岁以下小儿行全身麻醉下扁桃体射频消融术,且不增加小儿拔管术后喘鸣发生率。     

光棒在快速诱导经鼻气管内插管中的应用研究

目的探讨快速诱导麻醉下光棒引导经鼻气管内插管临床效果。方法60例全麻患者随机均分为光棒(LW)组和纤维支气管镜(BF)组,比较两组插管时间、置管成功率和导管通过声门顺利率。结果在规定的3min内,LW组插管成功率显著高于BF组(96.7%vs.70.0%,P<0.05);LW组插管时间明显短于BF组[(38.9±16.2)svs.(133.0±37.9)s,P<0.01]。LW组导管通过声门顺利率高于BF组(96.6%vs.66.7%,P<0.05)。结论光棒引导经鼻气管内插管,是口腔颌面部手术全麻快速诱导建立气道安全、有效、快捷的方法之一。