CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY IN SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS WITH SEVERE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY STENOSIS

Several clinical trials have demonstrated that carotid endarterectomy (CE) in symptomatic patients with 70–99% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, when used appropriately in experienced surgical hands (postoperative complications of stroke and death must not exceed 7%) is safe and effective in preventing recurrence of ipsilateral carotid ischemia and, in particular, in preventing disabling ipsilateral stroke. Only five patients need to be treated to prevent one stroke in three years. The time of greatest risk of stroke after the development of symptoms was in the first six months, and the incremental risk decreased out to two years. Instead the risk of stroke with asymptomatic carotid stenosis is low. Forty-five percent of strokes in patients with asymptomatic 60% to 99% stenosis are attributable to lacunes or cardioembolism. Because CE cannot prevent stroke of cardioembolic origin and is less likely to prevent stroke of lacunar origin, it is doubtful that CE can be justified for most patients with asymptomatic arteries.     

The importance of and current trends in the endovascular program – A single center experience

IntroductionOpen vascular surgery and endovascular (EV) interventions are continually developing and their application differs depending on the arterial regions treated. We aim to demonstrate that current EV procedures do not mean a restriction, but on the contrary, an increase in the number of patients who can be successfully treated.MethodsWe have retrospectively followed all open surgery procedures and endovascular interventions done for carotid artery stenosis and subrenal abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) from 1990/1993 to 2014 in the Vascular Surgery Department at Na Homolce Hospital.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2014, 1659 open AAA surgery procedures were done in our department. Since 1996, 1023 endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs (EVAR) have been performed and since the implementation of robotics, 64 aneurysm replacements were robot-assisted. Mortality rates in the OS, EVAR and robotic groups are 1.7%, 1.5% and 0.4%, respectively. The percentage of EVAR stabilized during the last 5 years at about 32% of the total number of treated patients. From 1993 to 2014 there were 5363 open carotid surgery procedures done in our department, 2856 for symptomatic and 2507 for asymptomatic stenosis. The total cohort combined stroke/death rate was 1.6%. Symptomatic, asymptomatic and urgently operated patients had a combined 30-day stroke/death rate of 1.0%, 1.7% and 4.4%, respectively. During the same period 274 carotid bifurcation and 55 common carotid artery percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) were done. The technical success of endovascular interventions was better than 95%.ConclusionIn the AAA group, the percentage of EVAR stabilized during the last 5 years at about 32% of the total number of treated patients. Given the excellent results of open carotid surgery and the unconvincing results of stenting trials, we consider open carotid surgery to be better than carotid artery primary stenting.     

Early Results of Coronary Endarterectomy Combined with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Patients with Diffused Coronary Artery Disease

Background:

It is still a challenge for the cardiac surgeons to achieve adequate revascularization for diffused coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary endarterectomy (CE) offers an alternative choice of coronary artery reconstruction and revascularization. In this study, short-term result of CE combined with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) was discussed in the treatment for the diffused CAD.

Methods:

From January 2012 to April 2014, 221 cases of CABG were performed by the same surgeon in our unit. Among these cases, 38 cases of CE + CABG were performed, which was about 17.2% (38/221) of the cohort. All these patients were divided into two groups: CE + CABG group (Group A) and CABG alone group (Group B). All clinical data were compared between the two groups, and postoperative complications and in-hospital mortality were analyzed. The categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by Chi-square test and Student''s t-test respectively.

Results:

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral vascular disease were more common in group A. In this cohort, a total of 50 vessels were endarterectomized. Among them, CE was performed on left anterior descending artery in 11 cases, on right coronary artery in 29 cases, on diagonal artery in 3 cases, on intermediate artery in 2 cases, on obtuse marginal artery in 5 cases. There was no hospital mortality in both groups. The intro-aortic balloon pump was required in 3 cases in Group A (3/38), which was more often than that in Group B (3/183). At the time of follow-up, coronary computed tomography angiogram showed all the grafts with CE were patent (50/50). There is no cardio-related mortality in both groups. All these patients were free from coronary re-intervention.

Conclusions:

Coronary endarterectomy + CABG can offer satisfactory result for patients with diffused CAD in a short-term after the operation.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱患者围手术期急性冠脉综合征的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术围手术期急性冠脉综合征的发生率、诊断与治疗策略.方法 回顾性分析2003--2009年北京协和医院血管外科收治的143例重度动脉硬化性颈动脉狭窄患者,共施行159例次颈动脉内膜剥脱术围手术期发生急性冠脉综合征的相关临床资料.结果 年龄40～86岁,平均(66±9)岁.术后30d内出现脑卒中5例(3.1%),有症状颈动脉狭窄组术后30 d卒中/死亡4例(3.6%),无症状颈动脉狭窄组1例(2.1%).13例(8.2%)围手术期发生急性冠脉综合征,12例经药物治疗缓解,1例行冠脉球囊扩张并植入支架后康复,无1例死亡.糖尿病史(RR=7.727,P=0.001)、吸烟史(RR=8.138,P=0.020)和既往心梗病史(RR=4.567,P=0.027)是颈动脉内膜剥脱术围手术期发生急性冠脉综合征的显著危险因素.结论 急性冠脉综合征是颈动脉内膜剥脱术围手术期重要的非神经系统并发症,糖尿病史、吸烟史和既往心梗病史是发生急性冠脉综合征的显著危险因素,综合运用多种策略预防治疗急性冠脉综合征对增加颈动脉内膜剥脱术的安全性具有重要意义.     

慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压外科治疗连续62例无死亡临床分析

目的 分析应用肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术治疗慢性栓塞肺动脉高压的效果及诊治经验.方法 回顾性分析2002年10月至2008年9月于北京安贞医院手术治疗62例慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压患者的临床资料,按临床病理分型分为中央型组(46例)、外周型组(16例).全组均在深低温停循环下行肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术.结果 围术期全组无死亡,围术期残余肺动脉高压15例,肺再灌注损伤23例,后者均经延长辅助呼吸支持治疗及体外膜肺治疗治愈.单因素分析显示外周型CTEPH是术后残余肺动脉高压的危险因子,中央型CTEPH是术后肺再灌注损伤的危险因子(P＜0.05).62例围术期生存患者术后72 h Swan-Ganz导管及血气指标较术前显著改善,肺动脉收缩压从(91 ±38) mm Hg 降至(53±21) mm Hg, 而肺循环阻力从(916±548) dyn·s·cm-5降至(368±302) dyn·s·cm-5(t=6.896,P=0.0001), 动脉血氧分压从 (51±7) mm Hg 升至(90±7) mm Hg, 动脉血氧饱和度从87.0%±3.9% 升至96.1%±3.3%,P＜0.01.随访期间无死亡.46例术后复查核素血流灌注通气扫描结果 显示,原灌注缺损部位恢复显像,或(及)肺动脉CT造影提示原不显影区充盈造影剂.2例患者于术后2年、3年再发双下肢静脉血栓,但因有下腔静脉滤网而未发肺动脉栓塞,全组术后3年免除再次栓塞率为96.7%±2.8%.发生出血并发症3例.全组抗凝相关出血线性发生率为2.47%患者年,再发下肢静脉栓塞线性发生率为1.64%患者年.术后长期生存62例患者中,心功能NYHA分级Ⅰ级38例、Ⅱ级20例、Ⅲ级2例、Ⅳ组2例.结论 肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术治疗慢性肺动脉栓塞术后有较好围术期及中长期生存率,口服华法令抗凝相关的再发肺动脉栓塞、下肢静脉栓塞率、出血并发症线性发生率均在可接受范围.     

Salivoma after carotid endarterectomy

Although the diagnosis and management of postoperative or traumatic fluid collections have been documented extensively in the literature, to our knowledge the occurrence of a salivoma after carotid endarterectomy has not been reported. We report an extra salivary glandular collection of saliva – a “salivoma” – in a 79-year-old patient who underwent a carotid endarterectomy with a high carotid bifurcation. He presented with serous watery drainage from the incision site that had started spontaneously 4 days after surgery. The patient was taken to the operating room for exploration and washout of the wound with presumption of an infectious source. As self-retaining retractors were placed under the platysma, a large release of serous fluid occurred. Copious irrigation allowed complete washout of the wound. On postoperative day 2, the patient re-exhibited neck wound fullness and a Penrose drain was placed in the incision with clear serous fluid flowing through the drain. The patient was given a scopolamine patch to decrease salivary secretions. Within 5 days, the drainage significantly decreased and the drain was removed. This diagnosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of an expanding neck mass following carotid endarterectomy to properly treat this complication.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术后颈部神经损伤的危险因素分析

目的:探讨颈动脉内膜剥脱术(CEA)后颈部神经损伤(CNI)的相关危险因素。方法:采用回顾性研究方法。纳入天坛医院2012年4月—2015年5月209例CEA患者的临床资料,其中男177(84.69%)例、女32(15.31%)例,年龄42～80(67.5±8.8)岁。(1)统计患者术后CNI的发生率及临床表现。(2)...     

Combined Surgery for Cardiac and Carotid Disease: Management and Results of a Rational Approach

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to apply a rational plan for simultaneous cardiac and carotid surgery in high-risk patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A consecutive series of 89 patients with coexisting severe cardiac and carotid disease were operated on during a 5-year period with routinary carotid shunting, moderate hypothermia and balanced anaesthesia. The combined surgical procedures were coronary artery by-pass grafts (CABG) + carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in 81 patients, CABG + CEA + aortic valve replacement (AVR) in four patients, and four cases of CEA + AVR. RESSULTS: Two deaths (2%), three acute myocardial infarctions (3%) and one (1%) major stroke occurred in five patients during the perioperative (30 days) period for a combined rate of death and/or disabling stroke of 3%. There were five reversible neurological deficits. Carotid and aortic mean clamping times were 9 and 60 min respectively. Patients were discharged after a mean length of stay in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of 131 h and 7 days of hospitalisation post-ICU. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, combined interventions of CEA and CABG can be performed with an acceptable morbidity and mortality when severe carotid stenosis is associated with advanced, symptomatic cardiac disease. The management of these patients needs careful and appropriate pre-intra and post-operative assessment and timing aimed to reduce the ischaemic injuries, both cardiac and cerebral, especially during CBP time.