科学而安全地展颈动脉内膜切除术简

颈动脉内膜切除术（CEA）是针对颈动脉狭窄的外科治疗方法,其目的在于预防脑卒中发作。经过60年的临床实践,以及多项临床试验的证实,该项手术技术业已成为治疗颈动脉狭窄的金标准。而这样一项成熟而稳定的手术方法,为何在我国难以开展,我们该如何看待这一问题,在此发表一些个人之管见。     

Marked decrease in the levels of two inflammatory markers,hs-C-reactive protein and fibrinogen in patients with severe carotid atherosclerosis after eversion carotid endarterectomy

Objective and design: To study changes in the levels of two acute phase proteins, plasma fibrinogen and serum C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in patients with severe carotid stenosis after eversion endarterectomy.Material and subjects: A total of 117 consecutive patients who underwent eversion endarterectomy were included in the study. Blood samples for acute phase protein measurement were taken before operation as well as 5.7 weeks and 13.8 months (median) post-surgery. Plasma fibrinogen and serum hs-CRP concentrations were promptly determined.Results: During the follow-up period sharp, highly significant (p < 0.0001) drop occurred in the serum concentrations of both acute phase proteins. The drop in the hs-CRP levels during the follow up period was mainly due to decrease in patients with highest baseline CRP levels.Conclusions: Our present findings indicate that removal of atherosclerotic plaques from the carotid arteries markedly decreases the production of two acute phase proteins due to the decrease of the inflammatory burden or the removal of the advanced plaques able to produce these proteins.Received 20 April 2004; returned for revision 9 June 2004; accepted by A. Falus 25 June 2004     

兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型的建立与改良*

 目的：探讨建立兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型的有效方法。方法：30只雄性新西兰大白兔,随机分成3组,即空白对照组、下肢动脉切开组及下肢动脉穿刺组,每组10只。空白对照组仅行高脂饲料喂养,另外2组高脂饲料喂养1周后行下肢动脉穿刺或切开行髂动脉内膜剥脱术,继续高脂饲料喂养4周,下肢动脉穿刺组再次穿刺股动脉行髂动脉球囊成形术,下肢动脉切开组经颈动脉切开行髂动脉球囊成形术。3组均普通饲料喂养4周,计算每天进食饲料量,采血化验血脂,取病变段血管行苏木精-伊红染色及图像工作站对血管造影结果行血管狭窄分析。结果：下肢动脉切开组进食饲料量减少,血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇显著低于对照组。3组动物均出现下肢动脉粥样硬化,其中下肢动脉穿刺组及下肢动脉切开组内膜显著增厚,管腔狭窄。动脉穿刺组与动脉切开组血管面积狭窄率及直径狭窄率与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.01)。结论：下肢动脉穿刺与球囊损伤、球囊血管成形术结合可成功建立兔动脉粥样硬化血管成形术后再狭窄模型,方法简单,可重复性强,较下肢动脉切开术更适合血管成形术后再狭窄模型的建立。     

The impact of pre-operative symptoms on carotid endarterectomy Outcomes: Analysis of the ACS-NSQIP carotid endarterectomy database

Carotid artery stenosis accounts for up to 20% of ischemic strokes. Since the 1950 s, one of the primary surgical treatment for this condition is carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Because of improvement of medical therapy for carotid artery atherosclerosis and the increased use of carotid artery stents, CEA is indicated if the risk of stroke and death are low. The goal of this study is to characterize the impact of pre-operative stroke and stroke risk factors on post-operative CEA patient outcomes, using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Targeted Vascular Module on CEA. Using the Targeted Vascular Module of the ACS-NSQIP, 22,116 patients who underwent CEA were identified from 2011 to 2016. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant risk factors that predispose patients to stroke. Patients with pre-operative stroke comprise 42.1% of the group, with post-operative stroke being the second most common complication (2.1%). Pre-operative stroke patients were also at a higher risk for transient ischemic attacks, post-operative restenosis, post-operative distal embolization, and other complications. Patients with pre-operative risk factors, including stroke or stroke-like symptoms, high risk physiologic factors, high risk anatomic factors, and contralateral internal carotid artery stenosis were at a higher risk of developing post-operative stroke and other complications. Patients with these pre-operative risk factors should be closely monitored for post-operative complications in an effort to improve patient outcomes.     

Carotid endarterectomy after systemic thrombolysis in a stroke population

ObjectiveVascular specialists are increasingly being requested to perform carotid endarterectomy (CEA) after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) for stroke patients, raising concerns about hemorrhagic complications. Few case series and registry reports have assessed the question, and even fewer studies have included a control group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall outcome of patients undergoing CEA after IVT and to compare them with contemporary patients with CEA after simple stroke (non-IVT group). It also aimed to evaluate the differences in outcomes of stroke patients requiring CEA between nonvascular and vascular centers.MethodsThe data of 169 consecutive patients who have undergone CEA after stroke in a single center was analyzed from January 2011 to December 2016, 27 of them (16%) having undergone previous IVT. A comparative analysis between the non-IVT and the IVT groups was performed. The time between stroke diagnosis and referral to a vascular specialist was also studied.ResultsAge, sex, and cardiovascular comorbidities were similar in both groups. Median time between stroke and CEA was 13 days (Q1-Q3, 8-23 days), with 16 of the 27 patients (59%) in the IVT group undergoing CEA less than 14 days after the initial event. There were three intracranial hemorrhages (2.1%) in the non-IVT group versus one (3.7%) in the IVT group (P = NS). The overall 30-day combined stroke and death rate was 7.1% (6.3% in the non-IVT group vs 11.1% in the IVT group; P = .70). The incidence of postoperative cervical hematoma requiring reoperation was similar in both groups (2.1% vs 3.7%; P = NS). The median time between diagnosis of stroke and referral to a vascular specialist was higher for patients in nonvascular centers compared with vascular centers (3.5 days vs 1.0 day; P < .001), which translated to fewer patients referred from nonvascular centers undergoing surgery in the 14-day window period (38% vs 67%; P < .001).ConclusionsIn this retrospective analysis, CEA after IVT showed similar outcomes when compared with the overall CEA after stroke population. Stroke patients diagnosed in nonvascular centers were referred later than those in vascular centers and, although postoperative outcomes were similar, that was correlated with fewer patients undergoing surgery in a timely fashion.     

The Potential Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Vulnerable Carotid Atheromatous Plaques: A Pilot Study

Purpose The decision to intervene surgically in patients with carotid artery disease is based on the presence of symptoms, along with the severity of carotid artery stenosis as assessed by ultrasound or X-ray computed tomography (CT). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a relatively new imaging technique that offers potential in the identification of, as well as the distinction between, stable and unstable atherosclerotic plaques. The purpose of our study was to evaluate whether OCT can be used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool to reveal the morphology of carotid stenosis from the adventitial surface of the carotid artery. To achieve this aim, excised atheromatous plaques were scanned by OCT from the external surface. Methods Plaques removed at carotid endarterectomy were scanned by OCT from the external surface within 72 hr of surgery and then examined histologically. The images of the histologic slides and the scans were then compared. Results We examined 10 carotid endarterectomy specimens and were able to identify calcification, cholesterol crystal clefts, and lipid deposits in the OCT images with histologic correlation. The strong light scattering from the calcified tissue and cholesterol crystal clefts limited the depth of light penetration, making observation of the intimal surface and the detail of the fibrous cap difficult. However, we were able to confidently identify the absence of an atherosclerotic plaque by OCT scans even from the external surface. Conclusion The results of this pilot study demonstrate that OCT can reveal the main features of carotid stenosis but that plaque vulnerability cannot be reliably and precisely assessed if scanned from the external surface with OCT in its present form.     

颈动脉内膜剥脱术治疗高龄颈动脉狭窄患者的安全性和有效性分析

目的分析颈动脉内膜剥脱术（cEA）治疗高龄（≥75岁）颅外段颈动脉狭窄患者的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析北京协和医院血管外科2009年10月至2012年10月期间行CEA治疗的312例颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料,分析CEA治疗高龄颈动脉狭窄患者的危险因素,探讨围手术期并发症的预防措施。结果本研究共纳入39例患者,所有手术过程顺利,随访时间为（22．18±8．71）个月。其中男33例（84．6％）,女6例（15．4％）;中位年龄77岁（75～82岁）;双侧病变患者11例（28．2％）,无症状患者7例（17．9％）;共施行39例次CEA,22例次（56．4％）采用颈动脉补片;16例次（41．0％）使用转流管;住院时间（17．38±5．39）d。1例患者（2．6％）术后第2天出现脑过度灌注综合征,1例患者（2．6％）术后15个月出现手术侧再狭窄,无围手术期死亡病例。结论在严格掌握手术适应证情况下,CEA是治疗高龄颈动脉狭窄患者安全而有效的方法。     

Long-term impact of the Vascular Study Group of New England carotid patch quality initiative

ObjectivePatch angioplasty has been shown to decrease rates of restenosis after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In 2003, the Vascular Study Group of New England (VSGNE) implemented its first quality initiative aimed at increasing the rates of patch closure after CEA. This study reports the effects of that initiative on the rate of patch closure in the VSGNE and also postoperative and 1-year CEA outcomes.MethodsPatients undergoing CEA (N = 14,636) within the VSGNE between 2003 and 2014 were studied. Rates of in-hospital postoperative events (death, ipsilateral stroke or transient ischemic attack [TIA], and return to the operating room for bleeding) and events during 1 year of follow-up (stroke or TIA and restenosis >70% or occlusion) were compared by repair type—patch closure, primary closure, or eversion. One-year follow-up events were also compared over time and by annualized surgeon volume.ResultsDuring the 12 years studied, patch use increased from 71% to 91% (P < .001). There was no difference in postoperative death or ipsilateral stroke or TIA between the repair types. However, there was a statistically lower rate of return to the operating room for bleeding (P < .001), 1-year stroke or TIA (P < .003), and 1-year restenosis or occlusion (P < .001) with patch closure. Overall, the rates of 1-year stroke or TIA and restenosis decreased over time in the VSGNE. The initiative affected patch closure rates and outcomes of high-volume surgeons (>47 CEAs/y) the most. High-volume surgeons increased patch use from 50% to 90% and decreased their restenosis rates from 9.0% to 1.2% and 1-year stroke or TIA from 4.9% to 1.9% (P < .001).ConclusionsThe VSGNE carotid patch quality initiative successfully increased the rates of CEA patch closure. During the same time, there has been a decrease in postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation and 1-year ipsilateral neurologic events and restenosis or occlusion.     

Importancia de la arteriografía cerebral y la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria en la endarterectomía carotídea

It is an increasingly common practice to indicate a carotid endarterectomy procedure based on the information provided by non-invasive tests like Duplex ultrasound, MR angiography or CT angiography, thereby obviating the performance of a conventional cerebral angiography. We present a case of symptomatic left carotid artery 80% stenosis in which cerebral angiography showed absence of the right A1 segment and bilateral anterior cerebral artery territories that filled only from a left injection. Just 90 seconds after carotid artery clamping at the neck, brain oximetry and somatosensory evoked potentials significantly dropped, that recovered after immediate clamp removal. Endarterectomy was dismissed and a carotid stent was successfully placed. This case highlights the importance of knowing the dynamics of cerebral blood circulation distal to the stenosis. If endarterectomy had been attempted, unawareness of the information provided by the cerebral angiography would have likely result in severe bi-hemispheric ischemia.     

Linear and non-linear parameterization of EEG during monitoring of carotid endarterectomy

In this paper, new quantitative linear (HLF ratio: high frequency/low frequency spectral power ratio) and non-linear parameters (ZC: zero crossing and FD: fractal dimension) which can assist the physician in real-time decision whether a shunt is required or not during intra-operative EEG monitoring of carotid endarterectomy are presented. The results obtained with the new parameters are compared with those achieved by other indexes proposed in the literature. The HLF ratio and ZC parameters yielded the best results with a 100% of correct identification of both shunt and no-shunt situations. The ZC can be also easily implemented in the real-time monitoring of EEG.