多种因素对呼吸困难住院患者脑利钠肽水平的影响

目的探讨不同临床指标对伴呼吸困难的住院患者血清脑利钠肽(BNP)水平的影响。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2009年1月以呼吸困难为主要表现的住院患者327例,收集病史以及呼吸困难时白细胞、血红蛋白、肾功能、总胆红素、白蛋白、血氧分压、左心室射血分数、下腔静脉内径和肺动脉收缩压等临床资料,多元回归分析探讨上述指标对BNP水平的影响。结果左心室射血分数、肾功能、肺动脉收缩压、白蛋白、总胆红素、下腔静脉宽度及血红蛋白对BNP水平均有独立影响,其中最重要的影响因素是左心室射血分数和肾功能,不同肾小球滤过率(GFR)时,BNP水平不同,肺动脉收缩压对BNP有轻度影响,其余指标虽有统计学意义,但临床意义不大。年龄、性别、白细胞及血氧分压水平对BNP无明确影响。结论在解读BNP数值时,需计算患者的GFR值,并结合患者的具体临床情况,得出真实可靠的结论。     

老年患者气管拔管后通气障碍的危险因素分析

目的探讨老年全身麻醉患者气管拔管后通气障碍的危险因素。方法全身麻醉下择期手术老年患者280例,常规麻醉诱导及维持,术毕根据临床拔管指征拔除气管导管。记录拔除导管后通气障碍发生情况。将患者分为通气障碍和无通气障碍两组。分别对两组患者12个术前变量、10个术中变量和6个毕变量进行比较。结果气管拔管后通气障碍的发生率为8．6％。BMI≥25kg／m2、合并肺部疾病及术后未给予肌松拮抗（新斯的明）与拔管后通气障碍的发生密切相关。结论BMI≥25kg／m2、合并肺部疾病及术后未给予肌松拮抗是老年患者气管拔管后通气障碍的危险因素。     

Diaphragm Paralysis Definitively Diagnosed by Ultrasonography and Postural Dependence of Dynamic Lung Volumes after Seven Decades of Dysfunction

Unilateral diaphragm paralysis is an important and often unrecognized cause of dyspnea. In patients with appropriate risk factors, such as prior head and neck surgery and presentation of positional dyspnea or dyspnea on submersion, unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis should be considered. We present our approach to the diagnosis of diaphragm paralysis and demonstrate the utility of upright/supine spirometry and M-mode ultrasonography in these patients’ evaluation.     

Serum Uric Acid to Creatinine Ratio in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Serum uric acid (UA), the final product of purine degradation, has been shown to be increased in the hypoxic state. We assessed whether the presence of higher values of serum UA and serum UA to creatinine ratio is associated with clinical or functional characteristics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fifty-nine consecutive stable patients with COPD, without comorbid conditions, were included. Clinical and functional characteristics were compared between patients with levels below and above the median values of serum UA and serum UA to creatinine ratio. Patients with serum UA levels above the median value differed significantly from the group with levels below this value only in FVC (p = 0.04), and serum UA did not correlate significantly with the parameters analyzed. Patients with the serum UA to creatinine ratio above the median value had lower FVC (63 ± 18 vs. 73 ± 15 percentage of predicted, p = 0.028), lower FEV₁ (43 ± 19 vs. 55 ± 18 percentage of predicted, p = 0.019), and a higher level of dyspnea (MRC scale, 1.5 ± 1.1 vs. 0.8 ± 1.0, p = 0.011). The serum UA to creatinine ratio correlated with FVC (r = −0.27), with FEV₁ (r = −0.31), and with dyspnea (r = 0.29). In view of these results, we consider that the serum UA to creatinine ratio warrants evaluation as an additional parameter for predicting outcome in COPD.     

脑钠肽与呼吸困难鉴别指数在呼吸困难鉴别诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨脑钠肽（BNP）与呼吸困难鉴别指数（DDI）在急性呼吸困难患者鉴别诊断中的应用。方法测定89例呼吸困难患者血清BNP水平;同时测定患者的氧分压（PaO2）和呼气峰值流速（PEF）,根据Rajesh等创立的公式计算DDI。利用BNP和DDI鉴别心源性和肺源性呼吸困难。结果心源性呼吸困难患者血清BNP水平显著高于肺源性呼吸困难患者与正常对照组（p﹤0.01）;肺源性呼吸困难患者DDI显著低于心源性呼吸困难患者与正常对照组（p﹤0.01）;两组患者BNP与DDI具有显著的正相关性。结论测定呼吸困难患者血清BNP水平,同时应用DDI能较准确的鉴别心源性呼吸困难和肺源性呼吸困难。     

Syndrome platypnée-orthodéoxie secondaire à une pneumopathie : à propos de deux cas

IntroductionThe platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome is a rare situation characterized by the appearance of dyspnea and/or hypoxemia during the transition to orthostatism.ObservationsWe report the case of two patients, who presented with a platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome following pneumocystis pneumonia and COVID-19, revealing an intracardiac communication with a right-left shunt on contrast ultrasound.ConclusionThis syndrome can be detected easily at the bedside with positional maneuvers and the shunt demonstrated by a hyperoxia test. Non-reversible situations may require correction of the anatomical anomaly by transcatheter intervention or surgery.     

甲磺酸伊马替尼致间质性肺炎1例并文献复习

目的 提高对甲磺酸伊马替尼所致间质性肺炎的认识,做到早期诊断和治疗,改善患者预后.方法 对北京大学首钢医院呼吸内科诊治的1例甲磺酸伊马替尼致间质性肺炎患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并进行相关文献复习.结果 患者女性,小肠间质瘤术后服用甲磺酸伊马替尼3个半月后出现水肿、呼吸困难,入院后胸部CT提示双肺弥漫分布的斑片影,BALF显示细胞总数升高(0.54×109/L),其中淋巴细胞56％.除外感染、自身免疫性疾病和其他药物因素,诊断甲磺酸伊马替尼导致的间质性肺炎,停止服用伊马替尼3周后患者呼吸困难无改善,后加用糖皮质激素治疗,激素治疗约2周后患者呼吸困难明显减轻,胸部CT双肺斑片影较前部分吸收,激素治疗4个月后复查胸部CT病变较前明显吸收,但遗留肺间质纤维化改变,停用激素治疗.随访患者未再服用甲磺酸伊马替尼,2年及5年后胸部CT较前无明显变化,3年后患者因小肠间质瘤复发再次手术切除.结论 服用甲磺酸伊马替尼后出现呼吸困难症状应考虑间质性肺炎可能,早期诊断、停药和应用糖皮质激素治疗可获得显著效果,停药后应长期随访患者基础疾病及肺部情况.通过这此例报道并进行文献复习有助于提高对甲磺酸伊马替尼所致间质性肺炎的认识.     

Comparison of pain and dyspnea perceptual responses in healthy subjects

Dyspnea and pain have a number of similarities. Recent brain imaging experiments showed that similar cortical regions are activated by the perceptions of dyspnea and pain. We tested the hypothesis that an individual’s pain sensitivity might parallel the individual’s dyspnea sensitivity. Studies were carried out in 52 young healthy subjects. Each subject experienced experimentally induced pain and dyspnea. Pain was induced by a cold-pressor test and dyspnea was induced by breathholding while the unpleasant experience of pain and dyspnea was assessed by using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The times from the start of cold stimulation and breathholding to the onset of uncomfortable sensation (pain threshold time and the period of no respiratory sensation, respectively) and to the limit of tolerance (pain endurance time and total breathholding time, respectively) were also measured. In response to cold pain stimulation, a behavioral dichotomy (pain-tolerant and pain-sensitive) was observed. The period of no respiratory sensation was significantly shorter in the PS (pain-sensitive) group than in the PT (pain-tolerant) group (16.9 ± 3.8 vs. 19.6 ± 5.3 s: P < 0.05), whereas no significant difference in the total breathholding time was found between the PT and PS groups. A significant correlation was observed between the pain threshold time and the period of no respiratory sensation in both the PT and PS groups. However, no significant association was observed between pain and dyspnea tolerance in both groups. In conclusion, an individual’s pain threshold is correlated to the individual’s dyspnea threshold, but the individual’s pain tolerance is not consistently correlated to the individual’s dyspnea tolerance.     

Giant Osteoma of Mandible Causing Dyspnea: A Rare Case Presentation and Review of the Literature

Osteomas are benign slow growing tumors of bone. Tumors are usually asymptomatic until they attain remarkable size and cause asymmetry or dysfunction. In view of few reported cases of giant osteoma of mandible, this article presents a case of giant osteoma of left mandible in a 53-year old male causing dyspnea due to compression of air way space.