未来中长期全球公共卫生安全: 发展趋势及其国际政治影响

  目的  明确我国公共卫生安全优先干预领域及策略,为制定我国卫生安全战略、完善公共卫生安全体系提供参考依据。  方法  采用文献分析、专家咨询、专题小组讨论等方法设计专家咨询问卷,通过现场调查进行数据收集,采用EPI建立数据库及SPSS 20.0进行数据分析,运用因子分析筛选策略。  结果  建立了8个战略目标维度、64个原始策略因子专家咨询问卷;因子分析KMO统计值为0.953,8个初始特征值方差贡献率大于1,其方差累计贡献率为76.56;利用因子分析法删除25个负相关因子后筛选出39个干预策略、9个优先策略、4个优先战略目标。  结论  卫生安全全球化形势与迫切需求下,强化全球卫生安全、加强医疗和公共卫生干预措施、加强系统监测以及制定我国的卫生安全战略是我国现阶段优先考虑的公共卫生安全战略目标。     

1950 — 2001年我国疟疾发病趋势分析

  目的  了解我国居民疟疾防治知识、态度、行为（KAP）相互影响程度。  方法  采取多级分层抽样,于2016年9月 — 2017年3月在广西、安徽、湖北、重庆4个疟疾多发地进行调查。根据疟疾流行的分类标准,将4个省（市）所有疟疾流行县分为1、2、3类县,每一类县抽取3个县共9个县作为样本县;每个样本县随机抽取3个乡镇,共抽取27个乡镇作为样本乡镇;在每个乡镇随机抽取3个村,共81个村作为样本村,随机抽取1358位居民进行入户调查,回收有效问卷1 321,有效率97.3%。问卷内容包括居民家庭条件,个人特征,疟疾防治知识,态度,行为等相关问题,对结果采用KAP量化和多组结构方程模型（SEM）分析。  结果  KAP量化得分上,行为得分最高（0.63 ± 0.25）分,态度（0.61 ± 0.32）分,知识得分最低（0.47 ± 0.22）分;结构方程模型潜在因子之间的总效应上,疟疾知识对行为的总效应为0.4439,疟疾态度对行为的影响效应为0.19,呈“知而趋于行”的特征;不同类别县的知识态度行为相互作用参数差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。  结论  我国消除疟疾行动已进入防治疟疾复发阶段,应当加大对偏远地区疟疾防治的卫生宣教,形成良好的态度和行为习惯。     

The Rationale of Interorganizational Linkages to Connect Multiple Sites of Expertise,Knowledge Production,and Knowledge Transfer

Summary

This paper presents the rationale for a long-running project in which various community-based and tertiary-based providers are being linked to each other in order to understand, reach, and engage high-risk, hard-to-reach inner-city residents for prevention, treatment, and management of HIV/AIDS. Not simply a program to link disparate actors, the work has developed into a more fundamental approach through which to build and maintain the infrastructure required to generate and sustain knowledge development and integration within and between systems. This work is grounded in the recognition that each type of provider, as well as patients and clients themselves, has a particular type of expertise. All forms of expertise are necessary to fight HIV/ AIDS. Different forms of expertise are necessary to diagnose, treat, prevent, and cure HIV/AIDS and its sequelae. This work suggests revisions in traditional approaches to expertise and to the content and geometry of dissemination networks, and ultimately challenges the very concepts of dissemination and the lay/scientific boundary.     

Re-Evaluating the Medical Risk of Late Childbearing

A critical review of the scientific literature linking advanced maternal age to eight adverse pregnancy outcomes commonly believed to increase with advancing age revealed little support for the pessimistic medical view that late childbearing is necessarily riskier. Most studies (61% of the 104 studies reviewed) were seriously flawed methodologically, primarily by confounding age with other factors; many reached conclusions without statistical verification (29% of the studies reviewed). Results concerning the advantages or disadvantages of late childbearing were inconsistent as well. Evidence from the sound research studies strongly suggests that many of the adverse outcomes found by some researchers to increase at an older maternal age may be reflecting the particular circumstances surrounding late childbearing (altered medical management. pre-existing diseases, subfertility , unplanned pregnancy, high parity birth) rather than a biological condition of aging. Further research must move away from looking at maternal age as an isolated variable because of the temptation to impute causality to the factor when other associated factors are not controlled. A better understanding of the reproductive aging process is urgently needed.     

Bronchodilation and safety of supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol or ipratropium bromide added to single dose GSK961081 in patients with moderate to severe COPD

BackgroundThere are few data on the bronchodilatory effects of adding short-acting bronchodilators (SABA) to maintenance, long-acting bronchodilator therapy. This study assessed the additional bronchodilation and safety of adding supratherapeutic doses of salbutamol (SALB) or ipratropium bromide (IPR) to the novel bi-functional molecule (or dual pharmacophore) GSK961081 400 μg (MABA 400) or 1200 μg (MABA 1200).MethodsThis randomised, double-blind, complete, crossover study in 44 patients with moderate to severe COPD, evaluated 6 treatments with a washout of at least 7 days between treatments: single doses of MABA 400 or MABA 1200 followed by cumulative doses of either SALB (3× 200 μg at 20 min intervals), IPR (20 μg, 20 μg and 40 μg at 20 min intervals) or placebo (PLA) (three doses at 20 min intervals) at 1 h, 12 h and 24 h post-MABA dose. The primary endpoint was maximal increase in FEV₁, from pre-dose bronchodilator (SABA/PLA), measured 15 min after each cumulative dose of SALB, IPR or PLA. Systemic pharmacodynamics (potassium, heart rate, glucose and QTc), adverse events and systemic pharmacokinetics were also assessed.ResultsThe additional bronchodilatory effects at 12 h and 24 h for both SALB and IPR were of a similar magnitude and statistically significant relative to PLA; mean differences (SE) (L) following MABA 400 dosing: 0.139 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.123 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.124 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.141 (0.021) after IPR at 24 h; and after MABA 1200 dosing: 0.091 (0.023) after SALB at 12 h; 0.126 (0.022) after SALB at 24 h; 0.055 (0.023) after IPR at 12 h; 0.122 (0.022) after IPR at 24 h. Any additional bronchodilator effects at 1 h were small and not clinically significantly different from PLA. There were small, non-clinically significant increases in mean heart rate after both MABA doses plus SALB, and decreased potassium levels in four patients after MABA 1200 plus SALB (×3) or PLA (×1) were observed but overall all treatments were well tolerated and raised no significant safety signals.ConclusionThe additional bronchodilation achieved following supratherapeutic doses of SALB and IPR on top of single doses of MABA 400 or 1200 was comparable for the two agents and neither were associated with any clinically relevant systemic pharmacodynamic effects other than the small transient hypokalemic effect in a 3 out of 41 patients receiving additional high dose salbutamol and MABA 1200. Either short-acting bronchodilator could potentially be used as rescue medication on top of MABA therapy.     

Women's knowledge in Madagascar: A health needs assessment study

Abstract

Nutritional and hygienic practices contribute to high morbidity and mortality rates related to malnutrition in Madagascar. This study, a research effort that brought together charitable organisations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and university collaborators, investigates women's health knowledge in the Anosy region of Madagascar. The needs assessment sought to characterise women's knowledge and understanding of nutrition and hygiene. Eight focus groups of 13–60 women each were conducted in the seven most impoverished communes of the Anosy region (n=373). Participants were recruited with the aid of a UK–Malagasy partnered NGO, Azafady. Study findings show that women fully understand the interplay between poor nutrition, hygiene and malnutrition but are unable to change everyday practices because the barriers to better nutrition and hygiene seem beyond their control. These findings may be used to prioritise projects and research seeking to improve nutrition and hygiene, thus reducing malnutrition in the Anosy region.     

The continuum of high ovarian response: a rational approach to the management of high responder patient subgroups

Abstract

Ovarian follicular responsiveness to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) with gonadotropins is extremely variable between individual patients, and even from cycle to cycle for the same patient. High responder patients are characterized by an exaggerated response to gonadotropin administration, accompanied by a higher risk for ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). In spite of its importance, the literature regarding high responders is characterized by heterogeneous classification methodologies. A clear separation should be drawn between risk factors for a high ovarian response and the actual response exhibited by a patient to stimulation. Similarly, it is important to distinguish between high ovarian response and development of clinically significant OHSS. In this article we: (1) review recent publications pertaining to the identification and clinical management of high responders, (2) propose an integrated clinical model to differentiate sub-groups within this population based on this review, and (3) suggest specific protocols for each sub-group. The model is based on a chronological patient assessment in an effort to target treatment based on the specific clinical circumstances. It is our hope that the algorithm we have developed will assist clinicians to supply targeted and precise treatments in order to achieve a favorable reproductive outcome with minimum complications for each patient.