1000例健康人椎动脉血流量及血流参数左右差超声多普勒检测研究

目的：建立椎动脉血流量及血流参数左右差大样本正常值。方法：应用超声多普勒诊断仪检测１０００例健康人双侧椎动脉，用ＳＡＳ统计分析软件计算。结果：正常人椎动脉血流量右侧１３０．４７±５６．１０ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，左侧１６４．２１±６３．５４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ，双侧血流量总和２９３．７０±８０．７４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；血流参数左右差正常值按男、女分老、中、青三组。结论：椎动脉血流量和血流参数左右差为临床判断椎动脉血流动力学变化提供了有价值的客观依据     

性别差异对动物外科打结教学结果的影响及原因探讨

目的探讨性别差异对动物外科打结教学结果的影响及原因。方法选择2005级医学一系、救援专业、麻醉专业和七年制临床专业学习《动物外科学》的学生,运用CS10．35统计软件对数据进行分析,两组问比较采用两独立样本的t检验。结果临床医学五年制、临床医学七年制、救援医学、麻醉医学4个专业打结操作结果的统计学处理均有显著差别（P〈0．05）。结论影响男女学生动物外科打结操作考试结果的因素为多方面的,但平时是否有足量的打结练习对考试结果影响更为重要。     

不同工作日护士锐器伤发生率的差异

目的:比较不同工作日护士锐器伤发生率的差异,并分析其原因,从而采取针对性的护理措施来降低锐器伤的发生。方法:调查周一、周四和周六,3个工作日中护士锐器伤的发生情况(周一医院工作较为繁忙,周四代表了普通的工作日,周六是大多数人的休息日,周六值班可能会对护士产生一定的影响)。在同济大学附属上海肺科医院选定20个科室,用问卷调查的方式,在调查日内每天在每个科室发放6份问卷(每天共发放120份问卷),分别调查这3d发生刺伤的人数,并对这3d的刺伤率通过χ2检验进行比较分析。结果:周一和周六刺伤发生率高于周四,而周一与周六的刺伤发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:周一和周六是锐器伤高发的工作日,护理管理者要针对锐器伤高发的不同原因采取不同的护理干预措施,以降低锐器伤的发生率。     

新疆维族与汉族前列腺疾病患者PSA系列水平的差异性研究

目的探讨新疆维族与汉族前列腺疾病患者PSA系列水平的差异性。方法采用微粒子免疫荧光捕获法检测维族与汉族前列腺疾病患者血清fPSA和tPSA水平及其比值。结果分析显示维族与汉族患者fPSA和tPSA水平均呈现前列腺癌组〉前列腺增生组〉慢性前列腺炎组和对照组（FfPSA=92.94,FtPSA=1642,P〈0.01;FfPSA=63.67,FtPSA=2074,P〈0.01）,F/T比值亦均表现为前列腺癌组分别明显低于前列腺增生组、慢性前列腺炎组和对照组（F=8.17,P〈0.01;F=12.77,P〈0.01）。族别分析显示在前列腺癌组维族与汉族患者tPSA水平呈现统计学显著性差异,汉族患者略高于维族（t=2.16,P〈0.05）;在前列腺增生组两民族fPSA和tPSA水平间分别存在统计学显著性差异,均表现为汉族患者高于维族（t=7.31,t=20.86,P〈0.01）。结论民族间血清PSA系列水平测定无明显的差异性,尤其tPSA与F/T联合监测更有助于维族与汉族患者前列腺疾病的鉴别诊断。     

A role for the MAPK/ERK pathway in oligodendroglial differentiation in vitro: stage specific effects on cell branching

The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is important for both long-term survival and timing of the progression of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Oligodendroglial cells treated with MEK inhibitor were distinguished by using stage specific markers: NG2 proteoglycan, A2B5, 2′3′nucleotide-cyclic 3′phosphodiesterase (CNPase) and myelin basic protein (MBP), and classified according to their morphology into different developmental stages. Treatment significantly increased the number of cells with more immature morphologies and decreased the number of mature cells. Furthermore, it increased the number of rounded cells that could not be classified into any of the oligodendroglial developmental stages. The strongest effects were usually observed shortly after treatment. Rounded cells were CNPase/MBP positive and they were not stained by anti-NG2 or A2B5, indicating that they were mature cells unable either to extend and/or to maintain their processes. These data showed an effect of the MAPK/ERK pathway on oligodendroglial branching, with possible consequences for the formation of the myelin sheath.     

CSF proteome analysis in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS): Candidate markers for conversion to definite multiple sclerosis

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a promising source of biomarkers in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which frequently presents as a first episode of multiple sclerosis (MS). Using the two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE), we compared CSF samples from patients with CIS that remained CIS (CIS-CIS, n = 8) over a follow-up time of 2 years and from patients with CIS that developed definite MS of the relapsing-remitting subtype (CIS-RRMS, n = 8) over the same period. Protein spots that showed significant differences between patients and controls were selected for further analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. For validation of identified spots ELISA experiments were performed. We identified one protein that was upregulated in CIS-RRMS (serin peptidase inhibitor) and eight proteins (alpha-1-B-glycoprotein, Fetuin-A, apolipoprotein A4, haptoglobin, human Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAG), Retinol-binding protein, superoxid dismutase 1, transferrin) that were down-regulated in CIS-RRMS vs. CIS-CIS. For Fetuin-A, our findings could be confirmed by ELISA. The pathophysiological role as well as clinical relevance of these candidate proteins in CIS remains to be further clarified by future studies.     

葡萄子原花青素对糖尿病大鼠主动脉载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ表达的影响

目的 观察葡萄子原花青素(GSPE) 对链脲佐菌素(STZ) 诱导的糖尿病大鼠主动脉载脂蛋白A-Ⅰ（apoA-Ⅰ）的影响。方法 雄性Wistar 大鼠随机分成对照组（C组,n=10）、糖尿病组(DM组,n=9) 和糖尿病GSPE 治疗组(DM+GSPE组,n=13)。24周后处死动物,留取主动脉标本,HE染色观察各组动物主动脉形态变化,并应用荧光差异凝胶电泳技术观察GSPE对糖尿病大鼠主动脉apoA-Ⅰ表达的影响。结果 糖尿病组大鼠主动脉内皮细胞肥大,结构紊乱,平滑肌细胞增生,内弹力板破坏,管腔变小,经GSPE治疗后,上述变化均未出现,血管结构接近对照组。糖尿病组大鼠apoA-Ⅰ表达较对照组明显下降（DM组/C组：-1.68）,而应用GSPE治疗后apoA-Ⅰ表达上调（DM+GSPE组/DM组：1.77）。结论 GSPE能够促进STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠主动脉apoA-Ⅰ表达,该机制可能与GSPE的血管保护作用相关。     

Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis: A meta-analysis approach

Objectives

We developed methodology for and conducted a meta-analysis to examine how seasonal patterns of cryptosporidiosis, a primarily waterborne diarrheal illness, relate to precipitation and temperature fluctuations worldwide.

Methods

Monthly cryptosporidiosis data were abstracted from 61 published epidemiological studies that cover various climate regions based on the Köppen Climate Classification. Outcome data were supplemented with monthly aggregated ambient temperature and precipitation for each study location. We applied a linear mixed-effect model to relate the monthly normalized cryptosporidiosis incidence with normalized location-specific temperature and precipitation data. We also conducted a sub-analysis of associations between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a remote sensing measure for the combined effect of temperature and precipitation on vegetation, and cryptosporidiosis in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Results

Overall, and after adjusting for distance from the equator, increases in temperature and precipitation predict an increase in cryptosporidiosis; the strengths of relationship vary by climate subcategory. In moist tropical locations, precipitation is a strong seasonal driver for cryptosporidiosis whereas temperature is in mid-latitude and temperate climates. When assessing lagged relationships, temperature and precipitation remain strong predictors. In Sub-Saharan Africa, after adjusting for distance from the equator, low NDVI values are predictive of an increase in cryptosporidiosis in the following month.

Discussion

In this study we propose novel methodology to assess relationships between disease outcomes and meteorological data on a global scale. Our findings demonstrate that while climatic conditions typically define a pathogen habitat area, meteorological factors affect timing and intensity of seasonal outbreaks. Therefore, meteorological forecasts can be utilized to develop focused prevention programs for waterborne cryptosporidiosis.     

欧当归不可代替中药当归药用

目的：寻找当归（Radix Angelicae Sinensis）与欧当归（Ralix Levistic Officindis）的鉴别方法。方法：利用宏观（药材性状）和微观（显微鉴别）手段,找出两者的差别。结果：当归药材单个根头,主根表面有明显横纹;横切面木质部黄白色,质地致密,通常无裂隙;气香,味甘、微辛。欧当归没有这些特征,其有数个茎的痕迹,主根表面无横纹;横断面木质部黄色,质地疏松,通常有明显裂隙;香气特殊,味辛辣、微甘。结论：由于欧当归气味及功效与当归不同,两者不能互相代替药用。使用本文所述方法,可以区分这两个品种。