Reverse Swiss Roll technique for diabetic vitreous membranes

Background:Diabetic membranes are always a challenge for a surgeon because of sticky nature and chances of iatrogenic break while removing.Purpose:To demonstrate a safe reverse swiss roll technique to dissect diabetic vitreous membranes.Synposis:Approaches and techniques for membrane dissection are segmentation, delamination and en-bloc dissection using various types of instruments and illumination. With vitreous cutte, picks and scissors, surgical steps are traditionallu performed by using classic lift and shave technique. After identifying the plane, tissue is lifted and then cut, which puts the retina at risk of break because of traction and active suction. Such a threat can be reduced by placing the cutter above the membrane thereby having the membrane itseld acting as a protective cushion to the retina. Port here, unlike lift and shave technique, doesn’t face the edge of membrane but is exactly 180 degree opposite and membrane curls into port because of suction. Also, hemostasis is maintained by continuous aspiration and cutting as the instrument is moved side to side, retracting from the edge.Highlights:Reverse swiss roll technique is safer compared to lift and shave because of the safety cushion of the membrane between the port and the retina. There is inherently less chances of retinal break because the active suction from the port is directed away from the retina. The technique also minimises traction and localised pull on the atrophic macula.Video link: https://youtu.be/WNnSsP69ZLw     

Comparison of Initial Presentation of Pediatric Diabetes Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Era

BackgroundHospital visitation has become challenging during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic because of quarantine measures and fear of infection. Consequently, newly diagnosed patients may present with more severe diseases during the pandemic. The present study analyzed the differences in the initial clinical presentations of newly diagnosed patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), comparing pre-pandemic and pandemic periods.MethodsNewly diagnosed patients with T1D or T2D and aged < 18 years during 2018–2020 were included in the study. Data were collected retrospectively from four academic centers in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Initial clinical data were compared between the pre-pandemic (2018–2019) and pandemic (2020) periods.ResultsIn the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, 99 patients (41 T1D and 58 T2D patients) and 84 patients (51 T1D and 33 T2D patients) were identified, respectively. During the pandemic, the proportion of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) cases increased compared to the pre-pandemic period (21.2% during 2018–2019 vs. 38.1% in 2020; P = 0.012). In the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, initial pH was 7.32 ± 0.14 and 7.27 ± 0.15, respectively (P = 0.040), and HbA1c values were 11.18 ± 2.46% and 12.42 ± 2.87%, respectively (P = 0.002). During the pandemic, there was an increased risk of DKA in patients with T1D (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–5.62; P = 0.040).ConclusionDuring the pandemic, the proportion of DKA in newly diagnosed patients with T1D increased and clinical parameters showed a deteriorating pattern. Increased awareness of pediatric diabetes, especially DKA, could facilitate visit to the hospital for an early diagnosis; thus, reducing the number of DKA cases during the pandemic era.     

CTGF与糖尿病肾病

糖尿病肾病（DN）状态下，高糖环境、血循环机械应力、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统等多种因素可上调结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）的表达。上调的CTGF可通过自身或联合其他细胞因子促进肾脏细胞有丝分裂、调节细胞周期的限制点、促进细胞外基质合成增加和降解减少，导致细胞外基质沉积，从而导致肾脏肥大、肾小球硬化以及肾小管纤维化，介导DN的发生与发展。CTGF是DN发病中的关键细胞因子。因此，以其为特异性靶标可能给DN的治疗带来新希望。     

前列地尔治疗糖尿病肾病的临床研究

目的探讨前列地尔在糖尿病中的治疗作用。方法选择糖尿病肾病30例,应用前列地尔治疗,对照组采用依那普利治疗,四周后观察治疗前后24h白蛋白排泄率（AER）尿B2微球蛋白（β2-MG）的变化。结果治疗组AER及β2-MG较治疗前有极显著下降（P〈0．01）,与对照组比较,AER亦有显著下降,P〈0．05。结论采用前列地尔治疗糖尿病具有改善肾功能,延缓其进展作用。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血脂谱分析

目的了解2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血脂谱的变化及其与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生的关系。方法选取2型糖尿病患者224例,分为无视网膜病变(NDR)组110例,DR组114例。进行血脂和糖化血红蛋白等生化指标的检测,分析两组患者间病程、糖化血红蛋白及各项血脂指标与视网膜病变的相关性。结果在各项血脂指标中,DR组载脂蛋白B(ApoB)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp(a)]高于NDR组,而载脂蛋白A(ApoA)/ApoB低于NDR组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,DR的发生与Lp(a)水平(OR=1.30,95%CI:1.01～1.67),ApoA/ApoB(OR=0.54,95%CI:0.33～0.87)及病程(OR=1.73,95%CI=1.30～2.30)相关联。结论 Lp(a)及ApoA/ApoB等血脂异常可能是DR的危险因素之一,积极地纠正血脂紊乱有利于糖尿病视网膜病变的防治。     

氯沙坦钾和依那普利联合治疗Ⅳ期糖尿病肾病的临床观察

目的观察氯沙坦钾和依那普利联合治疗Ⅳ期糖尿病肾病（DN）的疗效。方法将74例Ⅳ期DN患者随机分为三组，氯沙坦钾组：151服氯沙坦钾100mg，1次／d；依那普利组；151服依那普利10mg，1次／d；联合治疗组：同时服用以上两种药物，且剂量不变。三组患者治疗均在3年以上。监测治疗前后24h尿蛋白定量及血清肌酐。结果三组患者24h尿蛋白定量较治疗前均下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），联合治疗组效果更好（P〈0．01）。血清肌酐仅联合治疗组下降，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论联合应用氯沙坦钾和依那普利可以有效控制Ⅳ期DN患者蛋白尿，延缓肾脏病进展。     

2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属红细胞膜胰岛素受体变化及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属(NFDR)红细胞膜胰岛素受体变化及与胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法102例2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属作观察组,60例无糖尿病家族史的非糖尿病患者作对照组,测定空腹血糖(FPG)、胰岛素(FINS)、血脂、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)、2 h胰岛素(2 h INS),并检测高、低亲和力红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目(R1、R2)和高、低亲和力常数(K1、K2),同时计算胰岛素抵抗指数(IRI)。结果2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属R1、R2明显低于对照组;2 h PG、三酰甘油、低密度脂胆白胆固醇水平高于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01);FINSI、RI高于对照组,差别有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性逐步回归分析结果显示,体质指数、三酰甘油、R1、R2是影响2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属胰岛素抵抗独立的危险因素。结论2型糖尿病患者正常糖耐量一级亲属存在明显胰岛素抵抗,且与红细胞膜胰岛素受体数目的减少有一定关系。     

Fibronectin Glomerulopathy Confused with Glomerular Endothelial Injury in a Patient with Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

A 46-year-old woman developed takotsubo cardiomyopathy and nephrotic syndrome. The first kidney biopsy suggested non-immune-complex-mediated membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), and she was diagnosed with glomerular endothelial injury associated with takotsubo cardiomyopathy. A second biopsy was performed two years later because of persistent proteinuria despite renin-angiotensin system inhibition. This biopsy indicated non-immune-complex-mediated MPGN, but a mesangial and subendothelial substance of a higher electron density than that in the first biopsy was detected, suggesting the possibility of glomerular disease with non-immune deposits rather than endothelial injury. Finally, she was diagnosed with fibronectin nephropathy. Although rare, fibronectin glomerulopathy should be considered in non-immune-complex-mediated MPGN.     

Phospholamban p.Arg14del Cardiomyopathy: A Japanese Case Series

Phospholamban p.Arg14del is reported to cause hereditary cardiomyopathy with malignant ventricular tachycardia (VT) and advanced heart failure. However, the clinical courses of Japanese cardiomyopathy patients with phospholamban p.Arg14del remain uncharacterized. We identified five patients with this variant. All patients were diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), developed end-stage heart failure and experienced VT requiring implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge. Four patients survived after implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD), while one patient who refused LVAD implantation died of heart failure. Based on the severe course of the disease, we propose genetic screening for phospholamban p.Arg14del in DCM patients.     

糖尿病肾病患者血清Ⅳ型胶原和层粘连蛋白水平的变化及临床价值

目的探讨糖尿病肾病(DN)患者血清中Ⅳ型胶原(C-Ⅳ)和层粘连蛋白(LN)水平的变化及其临床价值。方法用放射免疫法测定81例糖尿病(DM)患者(男48例,女33例)的血清C-Ⅳ和LN含量,分为正常白蛋白尿组36例,微量白蛋白尿组29例和大量白蛋白尿组16例,并以50例健康体检者为对照。用直线相关分析糖尿病患者血清C-Ⅳ、LN与其它临床指标之间的相关性。结果81例DM患者血清C-Ⅳ[(74.6±24.2μg/L]、LN[(137.1±29.5)μg/L]水平明显高于对照组[(45.4±7.9)、(98.6±15.4)μg/L,P<0.01];DM各亚组患者血清C-Ⅳ、LN水平均明显高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);DM各组间血清C-Ⅳ、LN水平随尿白蛋白量的增加而升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。直线相关分折提示血清LN及C-Ⅳ水平均与BUN、Cr、HbA1C、UAER相关(P<0.05,P<0.01),血清C-Ⅳ、LN水平与FBG无相关性(P>0.05)。结论血清C-Ⅳ、LN水平与糖尿病肾病病程的发生发展密切相关,联合检测血清C-Ⅳ、LN、HbA1c、UAER可能更早、更全面地反映DN的病变程度。