Comparação dos efeitos de sulfato de magnésio e da dexmedetomidina sobre a qualidade da visibilidade em cirurgia endoscópica sinusal: estudo clínico randomizado

Background and objectivesEven a small amount of bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery can corrupt the endoscopic field and complicate the procedure. Various techniques, including induced hypotension, can minimize bleeding during endoscopic sinus surgery. The aim of this study was to compare the surgical vision quality, haemodynamic parameters, postoperative pain, and other effects of magnesium, a hypotensive agent, with that of dexmedetomidine, which was initially developed for short‐term sedation in the intensive care unit but also is an alpha 2 agonist sedative.Method60 patients between the ages of 18 and 45 years were divided into either the magnesium group (Group M) or the dexmedetomidine group (Group D). In Group M, magnesium sulphate was given at a pre‐induction loading dose of 50 mg kg⁻¹ over 10 min and maintained at 15 mg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹; in Group D, dexmedetomidine was given at 1 mcg kg⁻¹ 10 min before induction and maintained at 0.6 mcg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹. Intraoperatively, the haemodynamic and respiratory parameters and 6‐point intraoperative surgical field evaluation scale were recorded. During the postoperative period, an 11‐point numerical pain scale, the Ramsay sedation scale, the nausea/vomiting scale, the adverse effects profile, and itching parameters were noted.ResultsGroup D showed a significant decrease in intraoperative surgical field evaluation scale scale score and heart rate. The average operation time was 50 min, and Group M had a higher number of prolonged surgeries. No significant difference was found in the other parameters.ConclusionsDue to its reduction of bleeding and heart rate in endoscopic sinus surgery and its positive impacts on the duration of surgery, we consider dexmedetomidine to be a good alternative to magnesium.     

右旋美托咪啶在创伤性脑损伤中应用的研究进展

背景 右旋美托咪啶( dexmedetomidine,DEX)是新型的高选择性α2肾上腺素受体激动剂,具有镇静、镇痛和抗交感等作用,其特点为镇静易于唤醒,且对呼吸无抑制作用.脑损伤患者需要适当镇静降低脑氧耗,减少继发性脑损伤,同时又要求易于唤醒便于临床医生判断神智.目的 综述DEX在创伤性脑损伤(traumatic brain injury,TBI)中应用的研究进展,为该药在临床工作中的应用提供参考.内容 从作用机制、对脑损伤的影响及临床应用3个方面论述DEX对TBI的影响.趋向 DEX具有镇静、抗交感、抗凋亡等多种神经保护作用,且其无呼吸抑制,不影响对患者神智判断,这些特性似乎使其成为较有前景的脑创伤镇静剂.但目前DEX在脑创伤动物模型或患者中研究甚少,我们仍然不清楚其在脑创伤动物模型或患者的综合作用如何.     

右美托咪啶联合用药新方案用于重症医学科长时间镇静的研究

目的比较在重症医学科内长时间镇静状态下不同镇静方案的差别，找出较适合长时间镇静的方案。方法选取在我院重症医学科住院的患者80例，随机分为4组，即右美托咪啶持续泵注联合咪达唑仑间断应用组（A组，n=20），右美托咪啶与咪达唑仑联合持续泵注组（B组，n=20），咪达唑仑单独持续泵人组（C组，n=20），右美托咪啶单独持续泵人组（D组，n=20）。镇静目标为肌肉活动评分法（monitor activity assessment scale, MAAS）3分．镇静过程中持续心电监护，监测镇静满意程度，记录4组患者3日用药量变化，并监测患者不良反应发生率。比较4组患者后3种指标的差别。结果A、B两组较C、D两组镇静满意程度显著增高，用药量变化幅度较小，不良反应较少，其中又以A组不良反应为最少，且与B组相比咪达唑仑用药量显著减少。结论右美托眯啶持续泵注联合咪达唑仑间断应用可显著减少长时间镇静所需药物用量．且减少不良反应。     

右美托咪定与依托咪酯对胃癌全麻根治术后镇痛的疗效及其对感染和血流动力学影响

目的 探讨右美托咪定与依托咪酯对胃癌全麻醉根治术后镇痛疗效及对感染和血流动力学影响。方法选择我院2016年7月至2020年7月收治的139例患者,随机分为观察组(n=70)和对照组(n=69)。对照组予依托咪酯诱导麻醉,观察组联合右美托咪定麻醉。比较两组疼痛评分、感染情况及血流动力学变化。结果 麻醉后,两组疼痛评分均显著下降(t=11.259,P=0.000;t=8.524,P=0.000);且观察组疼痛评分显著低于对照组(t=11.690,P=0.000)。观察组感染发生率为5.71%,明显低于对照组的17.39%(χ2=4.652,P=0.031)。用药及拔管时,对照组心率均低于观察组(P0.05);收缩压、舒张压比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 右美托咪定与依托咪酯对胃癌全麻醉根治术后麻醉镇痛疗效良好,可有效降低疼痛,维持血流动力学稳定,降低感染发生率。     

Effects of Systemic Administration of Dexmedetomidine on Intraocular Pressure and Ocular Perfusion Pressure during Laparoscopic Surgery in a Steep Trendelenburg Position: Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blinded Study

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) during surgery is a risk factor for postoperative ophthalmological complications. We assessed the efficacy of systemically infused dexmedetomidine in preventing the increase in IOP caused by a steep Trendelenburg position, and evaluated the influence of underlying hypertension on IOP during surgery. Sixty patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in a steep Trendelenburg position were included. Patients in the dexmedetomidine group received a 1.0 µg/kg IV loading dose of dexmedetomidine before anesthesia, followed by an infusion of 0.5 µg/kg/hr throughout the operation. Patients in the saline group were infused with the same volume of normal saline. IOP and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) were measured 16 times pre- and intraoperatively. In the saline group, IOP increased in the steep Trendelenburg position, and was 11.3 mmHg higher at the end of the time at the position compared with the baseline value (before anesthetic induction). This increase in IOP was attenuated in the dexmedetomidine group, for which IOP was only 4.2 mmHg higher (P < 0.001 vs. the saline group). The steep Trendelenburg position was associated with a decrease in OPP; the degree of decrease was comparable for both groups. In intragroup comparisons between patients with underlying hypertension and normotensive patients, the values of IOP at every time point were comparable. Dexmedetomidine infusion attenuated the increase in IOP during laparoscopic surgery in a steep Trendelenburg position, without further decreasing the OPP. Systemic hypertension did not seem to be associated with any additional increase in IOP during surgery. (Registration at the Clinical Research Information Service of Korea National Institute of Health ID: KCT0001482)     

Comparative study between dexmedetomidine/nalbuphine and midazolam/nalbuphine in monitored anesthesia care during ear surgery

BackgroundMonitored anesthesia care (MAC) is the practice of administrating local anesthesia in combination with IV sedatives, anxiolytics and/or analgesic drugs during certain surgical procedures. Most of ear surgeries can be done under monitored anesthesia care.MethodologyThis is a randomized, double blind, prospective study and 100 patients undergoing ear surgery under MAC were divided into two groups of 50 patients each. The patients in group (D) received dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg IV over 10 min followed by 0.7 μg/kg/h + nalbuphine 100 μg/kg IV and in group (M) received midazolam 20 μg/kg IV followed by 20 μg/kg/h + nalbuphine 100 μg/kg over 10 min. Assessment of sedation by Ramsay sedation score, requirement of intraoperative rescue sedation, intraoperative VAS, intraoperative rescue analgesia, intraoperative hemodynamics, intraoperative bleeding, intraoperative complications, postoperative visual analogue score and postoperative rescue analgesia requirement, time to achieve full recovery and satisfaction scores of patients and surgeon were recorded.ResultsGroup (D) showed more sedation by Ramsay sedation score than the midazolam (M) group. Fifty percent in group (M) needed more rescue sedation than 26% in group (D) (p < 0.05). Intraoperative VAS was significantly higher in group (M) than in group (D) that led to the use of more rescue analgesia in 60% of group (M). Intraoperative heart rate and mean blood pressure were significantly lower in group (D) than in group (M) (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference between the two groups as regards respiratory rate or SpO₂. Intraoperative bleeding is less significantly less in group (D). Intraoperative hypotension was significantly higher in group (D) (30%) than in group (M) (20%). Bradycardia was insignificantly higher in group (D). As regards postoperative VAS, group (D) was significantly lower than group (M). This led to the use of more rescue analgesia in 94% of group (M). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards recovery time. Patient’s satisfaction was significantly higher in group (D) (80%) compared with group (M) (60%) (p >0.05). The same as regards doctor’s satisfaction where satisfaction was significantly higher in group (D) (76%) than in group (M) (54%).ConclusionWe concluded that the combination of dexmedetomidine/nalbuphine is a better alternative to midazolam/nalbuphine in MAC since it provides analgesia, amnesia and sedation with better intraoperative and postoperative patient satisfaction with better surgical field exposure.     

右美托咪啶复合小剂量氯胺酮用于肠镜下治疗的效果观察

目的：观察右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮用于肠镜下治疗的安全性及可行性。方法选取需行肠镜下治疗患者60例,随机分为2组,每组30例。其中D组患者使用右美托咪定复合氯胺酮麻醉;P组患者使用异丙酚复合芬太尼麻醉。观察并记录2组患者注药前（ T1）、置入肠镜（ T2）、操作结束（ T3）、苏醒（ T4）等时点的MAP、HR、SPO2,以及操作总时间（ T）和完全清醒需要的时间（ Tw ）;记录有无低血压、缓慢心率、呼吸抑制等不良反应。结果 D组患者术前、术中、术后、苏醒时MAP、HR、SPO2变化较P组平稳,且完全清醒时间要短于P组,低血压、缓慢心率和呼吸抑制发生率也要低于P组,2者比较差异均有差异性（ P值均小于0.05）。结论对于肠镜下治疗需要较长时间镇静麻醉的手术,使用右美托咪定复合小剂量氯胺酮可以稳定患者术中的生命体征,且苏醒时间和苏醒质量优于异丙酚复合阿片麻醉,是一种比较安全理想的麻醉方式。     

右美托咪定混合罗哌卡因用于缓解上肢长时间手术中止血带反应的效果观察

目的 探讨右美托咪定混合罗哌卡因在肌间沟复合腋路臂丛神经阻滞应用于上肢长时间手术中的疗效观察。 方法 60例急诊断指(多指)、断腕或断臂手术患者,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,手术时间8～10 h,随机分配为2组 (n=30):罗哌卡因组(R组)采用1%罗哌卡因15 mL+2%利多卡因10 mL加生理盐水至40 mL;右美托咪定混合罗哌卡因组(DR组)采用1%罗哌卡因15 mL+2%利多卡因10 mL+盐酸右美托咪定1 μg/kg加生理盐水至40 mL。以神经刺激器定位肌间沟臂丛神经分支(腋神经)及腋路臂丛神经主分支(尺神经、桡神经、正中神经和肌皮神经),止血带充气压力200～250 mmHg,压迫时间90 min。观察并记录入室时(T0)、阻滞后1.5 h(T1)、3 h(T2)、4.5 h(T3)、6 h(T4)、7.5 h(T5)、9 h(T6)及术毕(T7)患者的一般生命体征(MAP、HR),同时以VAS评分法评估患者止血带反应的程度,若无法忍受止血带反应,臂丛加药后试验结束。记录患者止血带耐受情况,并以Ramsay评分评价R组及DR组的镇静程度,记录术中出现的不良反应。结果 与R组相比,DR组患者对止血带耐受率明显升高,且差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),止血带疼痛时间出现延迟(P <0.05) ;与R组比较, DR组T1～T5时HR减慢(P <0.05),DR组有7例出现窦性心动过缓,两组均未出现止血带严重并发症。 结论 1 μg/kg右美托咪定混合1%罗哌卡因对减轻上肢长时间手术带来的止血带疼痛安全、有效,并可延迟止血带疼痛出现的时间。     

右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼在软组织射频热凝+拨针治疗中的应用

目的观察右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼用于软组织射频热凝+拨针治疗的临床效果。方法选择行软组织射频热凝+拨针治疗的患者60例,依麻醉方式分为咪达唑仑复合瑞芬太尼组(A组)和右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼组(B组),每组各30例。记录给药前(T0)、给药后5 min(T1)、10 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、50 min(T4)各时点心率(HR),指脉氧饱和度(SPO2),无创平均动脉压(MAP),呼吸频率(RR),手术时间,苏醒时间,瑞芬太尼的总用量,麻醉后不良反应及并发症,患者苏醒即刻视觉疼痛评分(VAS)。结果两组RR、SPO2、手术时间、苏醒时间无差异性;与T0相比,两组T1时点的RR、HR、MAP均下降(P<0.05);与A组相比,B组MAP、HR下降(P<0.05),不良反应发生率,瑞芬太尼总用量B组少于A组(P<0.05),患者苏醒即刻视觉疼痛评分(VAS)B组低于A组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合瑞芬太尼用于软组织射频热凝+拨针治疗,是一种安全有效的清醒镇静镇痛方法,值得临床推广。