Síndromes de compresión vascular. Valor de la ecografía Doppler

Vascular compression syndromes arise when a vessel in a tight anatomic space is entrapped by another structure, resulting in diverse symptoms for which different imaging tests are used to diagnose. Radiologists need to be familiar with vascular compression syndromes and to be able to identify their most representative findings. This paper aims to review the principal symptoms of vascular compression, describing and illustrating the key findings on Doppler ultrasonography that enable accurate diagnosis and guide further workup, avoiding unnecessary invasive tests and pointing to the appropriate treatment.     

Bilateral changes in knee joint laxity during the first year after non-surgically treated anterior cruciate ligament injury

ObjectivesAnalyse changes in knee laxity between 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after non-surgically treated ACL injury and to analyse associations between knee laxity and knee function, self-reported knee stability, ACL-Return to Sport after Injury (ACL-RSI), fear and confidence at different timepoints during recovery.DesignProspective cohort study.Participants125 patients (67 males, mean age 25.0 ± 7.0 years) with acute ACL injury.Main outcomeLaxity was measured using KT-1000 arthrometer. Self-reported knee function was assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (IKDC-SKF). Confidence and fear were assessed with questions from the ACL-RSI scale. Subjectively knee stability was assessed using SANE.ResultsKnee laxity increased bilaterally from 3 to 12 months, and in the non-involved knee from 3 to 24 months (p˂0.05), although mean change was below 1 mm. Side-to-side difference in knee laxity was correlated with IKDC-SKF (r = −0.283) and knee stability in rehabilitation/sport activities (r = −0.315) at 6 months, but not with confidence/fear.ConclusionKnee laxity increased bilaterally during the first year after non-surgically treated ACL injury, though, the mean change in knee laxity was below 1 mm and the clinical significance is unknown. Knee laxity was weakly associated with knee function and perceived knee stability.Level of evidenceLevel IITrial registrationNCT02931084     

Effects of cognitive- and motor-dual tasks on postural control regularity following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

BackgroundHigh injury rates following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) motivate the need to better understand lingering movement deficiencies following return to sport. Athletic competition involves various types of sensory, motor, and cognitive challenges; however, postural control deficiencies during this spectrum of conditions are not well understood following ACLR.Research questionTo what extent is postural control altered following ACLR in the presence of sensory, motor, and cognitive challenges, and does postural control correlate with patient-reported symptoms?MethodsFourteen individuals following ACLR (4 m/10 f, 21.2 ± 2.4 yr, 76.9 ± 19.1 kg, 1.70 ± 0.14 m) and fourteen matched healthy controls (4 m/10 f, 21.2 ± 1.4 yr, 75.4 ± 15.3 kg, 1.70 ± 0.15 m) participated in the study. Participants completed single-leg balance, ACLR limb or matched side for controls, under four conditions: 1) eyes open, 2) eyes closed, 3) visual-cognitive dual task (i.e., reverse digit span), and 4) motor dual task (i.e., catching a ball). Sample entropy (SEn) was calculated for each balance condition to characterize regularity of center of pressure control. Participants also completed patient-reported outcomes to characterize self-reported knee function, symptoms, and fear. A mixed effects model tested for differences in SEn between balance conditions, and Spearman correlations tested for relationships between SEn and patient-reported outcomes.ResultsA significant Group-by-Condition interaction was detected (P = 0.043). While the motor dual task and eyes closed balance conditions were associated with the lowest SEn for both groups, only the visual-cognitive dual task condition demonstrated a significant difference between groups, with the ACLR group having lower SEn [95% confidence interval for ΔSEn: (0.03, 0.35)]. Lower KOOS-Sport scores were associated with decreased SEn for the ACLR group (ρ = 0.81, P < 0.001).SignificanceThese findings are consistent with ACLR individuals using a less automatic approach to postural control compared to controls, particularly when presented with a visual-cognitive challenge. Altered neuromuscular control persists well after ACLR surgery and can be related to patient-reported outcomes.     

膝内侧半月板“湾征”对内侧副韧带断裂的诊断意义

目的内侧副韧带损伤后,关节镜下可见内侧半月板上滑膜缘完全显示,类似海湾形状,称为"海湾全景征"(简称"湾征"),判断其作为诊断膝内侧副韧带断裂标志体征的可靠性及意义。方法 2007年3月-2011年3月,纳入59例MRI检查提示内侧副韧带断裂患者作为观察组,其中男38例,女21例;年龄16～39岁,平均23.2岁;单纯内侧副韧带断裂12例,合并外侧半月板损伤16例,前交叉韧带损伤27例,前、后交叉韧带损伤3例,髌骨脱位1例。68例MRI检查提示无内侧副韧带断裂患者作为对照组,其中男45例,女23例;年龄25～49岁,平均31.8岁;前交叉韧带损伤38例,前、后交叉韧带损伤4例,前交叉韧带合并外侧半月板损伤26例。两组治疗前后行关节镜探查比较"湾征"出现情况。结果观察组膝内侧副韧带修复重建前关节镜探查均见"湾征",明确内侧副韧带断裂;修复重建后"湾征"消失。对照组交叉韧带重建前后均未见"湾征"。结论 "湾征"可作为关节镜下膝内侧副韧带断裂的诊断指征,以及术中韧带修复重建成功与否的判断依据。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位

目的探讨关节镜下采用自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗复发性髌骨脱位的疗效。方法 2005年1月-2010年1月,对22例(22膝)复发性髌骨脱位患者采用关节镜下外侧支持带松解,取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带治疗。男5例,女17例;年龄15～19岁,平均17.3岁。髌骨脱位3～8次,平均4次。主要临床症状为患膝关节疼痛、肿胀、无力,活动受限。髌骨倾斜试验、恐惧试验、内侧髌股韧带止点处压痛、髌骨向外推移时恐惧征均呈阳性。根据国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)评分标准,膝关节功能主观评分为(36.7±4.7)分,Lysholm评分为(69.3±3.8)分。X线片示患者髌骨向外倾斜。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间18～49个月,平均34个月。术后患者关节疼痛、肿胀、无力等症状较术前明显改善。随访期间患者髌骨脱位无复发。末次随访时,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(92.4±5.3)分,Lysholm评分为(91.7±5.2)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论关节镜下取自体腘绳肌腱重建内侧髌股韧带可明显改善髌骨稳定性,是治疗复发性髌骨脱位的有效方法之一。     

关节镜下自体腘绳肌腱双束解剖重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效

目的:探讨膝关节镜下应用自体腘绳肌腱双束解剖重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效。方法:自2009年4月至2010年3月,诊断前交叉韧带损伤25例。男13例,女12例;平均年龄25.8岁(17～43岁);运动损伤17例,意外摔伤6例,交通事故伤2例;平均病程3个月。8例慢性损伤患者均以膝关节不稳为主诉,急性损伤及亚急性损伤患者多以膝关节肿痛为主诉。术前轴移试验阳性15例,Lachman试验阳性25例,前抽屉试验阳性25例。KT2000仪器测量胫骨前移度比健侧增加(7.1±2.4)mm,Lysholm评分平均(40.0±5.4)分,Tegner运动功能评分平均(3.2±0.7)分。在关节镜下以自体腘绳肌腱双束解剖重建前交叉韧带,分别于前交叉韧带股骨及胫骨附着处建立2个骨隧道,重建前交叉韧带的前内束及后外束;股骨侧以纽扣钢板悬吊固定,胫骨侧以干涉螺钉及拴桩双固定。术后进行随访,观察患者症状体征变化,测量患者胫骨前移度,并以Lysholm评分和Tegner评分评价术后膝关节功能。结果:患者术后均获2年以上随访,时间24～35个月,平均27个月。术后25例术膝轴移试验均阴性;Lachman征阴性23例,Ⅰ度阳性2例,术前术后差异有统计学意义。前抽屉试验阴性21例,Ⅰ度阳性3例,Ⅱ度阳性1例,术前术后差异有统计学意义。KT2000仪器测量患膝胫骨前移度,术后比健侧增加(2.0±0.5)mm(0～4mm),术后平移度较术前减小(t=22.35,P=0.0001);术后Lysholm评分平均(85.0±4.5)分(80～98分),术后评分较术前提高(t=17.64,P=0.001);术后Tegner运动功能评分平均(7.5±0.2)分(6～9分),术后评分较术前提高(t=8.12,P=0.0005)。术后患者膝关节运动功能改善。结论:自体腘绳肌腱双束解剖重建前交叉韧带术后轴移试验为阴性,能有效地恢复膝关节前向及旋转稳定性。双束重建术后膝关节功能恢复良好,膝关节运动功能基本恢复正常。     

侧方应力摄片测量和膝关节MRI诊断内侧副韧带损伤的临床研究

目的:研究双膝外翻应力位摄片对膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的诊断意义。方法:自2008年1月至2011年6月收治膝关节内侧副韧带损伤46例,31例行手术治疗,15例保守治疗,其中1例保守治疗3个月无效后手术。其中男32例,女14例;年龄28～72岁,平均(49.46±22.54)岁;左膝22例,右膝24例。常规行损伤侧、正常侧的应力位下和非应力位下X线摄片和MRI检查,对于内侧间隙明显增宽和MRI表现有深层断裂及后交叉韧带损伤的择期行切开内侧副韧带行缝合或重建术。以胫骨平台内侧髁和外侧髁作一条连线记为A线,将此线向上平移至股骨内侧髁最内缘记为B线,然后测量这2条线的垂直距离记为C。间隙差比值(R)计算方法为(患侧应力下间隙-患侧无应力下间隙)/(健侧应力下间隙-健侧无应力下间隙)。总结R值区间与术中所见韧带损伤种类的关系。结果:46例中17例有韧带浅层撕裂,21例深层断裂,8例合并有后关节囊或后交叉韧带断裂,当比值介于1.51～5.24时,内侧副韧带损伤表现为浅层撕裂的有15例,实际损伤为17例,诊断正确率为88.24%;当比值介于5.28～13.85时,表现为深层断裂的有19例,实际损伤为21例,诊断正确率为90.48%;当比值介于15.61～26.25时,表现为合并后关节囊或交叉韧带断裂的有7例,实际损伤为8例,诊断正确率为87.50%。结论:以膝关节受伤侧关节间隙差值与正常侧差值的比值作为衡量标准,可以提供膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的量化分级。     

股骨Blumensaat线的MRI测量及其对重建ACL的意义

目的应用MRI对股骨Blumensaat线的测量,为重建前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)提供参考。方法通过选择100例正常的膝关节伸直位磁共振检查结果,在适当的切面上绘制Blumensaat线延长线与胫骨平台的交点,测量其在胫骨矢状径位置及其与后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)的距离,并与ACL胫骨侧生理止点中心和PCL的距离比较。结果 Blumensaat线延长线与胫骨平台的交点在胫骨矢状径上距前缘(51.9±7.3)%,与PCL距离(14.2±2.5)mm,较ACL生理止点中心靠后。结论为避免髁间窝前方撞击,重建ACL胫骨侧止点定位于胫骨平台生理性止点中心后方或PCL前方8～10mm,个别人需更后方。