停止尿床年龄与青少年自杀行为的关系

目的探讨停止尿床年龄与青少年自杀行为的关系。方法对1920名11岁～16岁的青少年进行调查,由父母完成包括青少年生长发育史、自杀行为、抑郁症状、攻击行为及家庭环境等定式问卷。结果在控制一系列儿童及家庭情况变量后,多变量Logistic回归模型显示3岁后停止尿床与青少年自杀行为的危险性增加显著相关,停止尿床年龄与青少年自杀行为之间存在量效关系（3岁～4岁停止尿床OR值为2.1,5岁及以上停止尿床OR值为3.6）。中介变量分析显示,停止尿床时间晚对自杀行为的效应,至少部分通过抑郁及攻击行为中介。结论停止尿床时间晚可能是青少年自杀行为的早期神经发育预测因素,应进一步探讨青少年自杀行为的早期神经发育危险因素及潜在机制。     

28例路易体痴呆患者的视频-多导睡眠图分析

目的研究路易体痴呆（DLB）患者的视频～多导睡眠图,探讨路易体痴呆患者的睡眠结构。方法对临床诊断DLB28例及正常对照28人进行研究。所有入组者均进行简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）和视频～多导睡眠图（Video-PSG）监测。结果（1）睡眠结构分析：与对照组相比,DLB组总睡眠间期时间（SPT）减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;总睡眠时间（TST）减少、睡眠效率（SE）下降、总醒觉时间（TWT）、入睡后清醒时间（WASO）增多、1期睡眠时间（TS1）、2期睡眠时间（TS2）、NREM睡眠时间（TNREMS）和REM睡眠时间（TREMS）均明显减少,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;（2）睡眠呼吸事件分析：DLB组与对照组相比,各项指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;（3）其他睡眠事件分析：与对照组相比,DLB组睡眠期周期性肢体运动次数（PLMS）、快动眼睡眠行为异常（RBD）明显增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论DLB患者存在睡眠结构紊乱,睡眠异常行为亦很常见。视频-多导睡眠图对于研究DLB患者的睡眠障碍很有帮助。     

Neural response to emotional stimuli during experimental human endotoxemia

Increases in peripheral cytokines during acute inflammation may affect various neuropsychological functions. The aim of this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to investigate the effects of acute endotoxemia on mood and the neural response to emotionally aversive visual stimuli in healthy human subjects. In a double‐blind, randomized crossover study, 18 healthy males received a bolus injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.4 ng/kg) or saline. Plasma levels of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines and cortisol as well as mood ratings were analyzed together with the blood‐oxygen‐level dependent (BOLD) response during the presentation of aversive versus neutral pictures. Endotoxin administration induced pronounced transient increases in plasma levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1ra, IL‐6, IL‐10, and cortisol. Positive mood was decreased and state anxiety increased. In addition, activation of right inferior orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in response to emotional visual stimuli was significantly increased in the LPS condition. Increased prefrontal activation during the presentation of emotional material may reflect enhanced cognitive regulation of emotions as an adaptive response during an acute inflammation. These findings may have implications for the putative role of inflammatory processes in the pathophysiology of depression. Hum Brain Mapp 34:2217–2227, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Guided self-help for binge eating/purging anorexia nervosa before inpatient treatment

Abstract

The goal of this study was to develop a cognitive–behavioral self-help manual for anorexia nervosa. Patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa (N=102), binge eating/purging type (AN-B/P), were consecutively assigned to one of two conditions: 6-week manualized guided self-help or a wait-list control. All patients thereafter received inpatient treatment in a hospital for behavioral medicine. The primary outcome variable was the number of days in inpatient treatment. Secondary outcome variables were measures of psychopathology. Results showed that duration of inpatient treatment was significantly shorter (by 5.2 days) among participants receiving guided self-help. Body image, slimness ideal, general psychopathology, and some bulimic symptoms improved significantly during self-help. The authors conclude that, to increase effects of therapist-guided self-help in AN-B/P, additional variants of a self-help manual should be tried in different therapeutic settings.     

WAY100635 and female rat lordosis behavior

Sexually receptive proestrous rats with bilateral cannulae in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) were infused with 200 ng of (+/-)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) or with 8-OH-DPAT plus varying concentrations (200 to 2000 ng) of the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, N-[2[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]N-(2-pyridinyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide trihydrochloride (WAY100635). 8-OH-DPAT inhibited lordosis behavior within 15 min of the infusion and every dose of WAY100635 prevented the inhibition. When non-sexually receptive, ovariectomized rats, hormonally primed with 0.5 microg estradiol benzoate and 500 microg progesterone, were infused with WAY100635 (400 to 2000 ng), the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist did not facilitate lordosis responding. These findings support earlier findings that activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the mediobasal hypothalamus inhibits lordosis behavior. However, they further demonstrate that tonic activation of 5-HT1A receptors is not responsible for the absence of sexual receptivity in suboptimally hormonally primed ovariectomized rats.     

Infusion of neuropeptide Y into CA3 region of hippocampus produces antidepressant-like effect via Y1 receptor

A couple of papers indicate that patients with depression show a decrease in serum neuropeptide Y (NPY). To study the role of NPY in depression, we examined the effects of infusion of NPY into the hippocampus of learned helplessness (LH) rats (an animal model of depression). Infusion of NPY into the cerebral ventricle of LH rats showed antidepressant-like effects. Infusion of NPY into the CA3 region, but not the dentate gyrus (DG), produced antidepressant-like effects in the LH paradigm. Infusion of NPY did not affect locomotor activity or aversive learning ability. Coadministration of BIBO3304 (a Y1 receptor antagonist) with NPY to the CA3 region blocked the antidepressant-like effects of NPY, whereas coadministration of NPY with BIIE0246 (a Y2 receptor antagonist) to the CA3 region failed to block antidepressant-like effects. Furthermore, infusions of [Leu(31) Pro(34)]PYY (a Y1 and Y5 receptor agonist) alone and BIIE0246 alone into the CA3 region produced the antidepressant-like effects in LH rats. These results suggest that infusion of NPY into the CA3 region of hippocampus of LH rats produces antidepressant-like activity through Y1 receptors and attenuating effects through Y2 receptors.     

Winter day lengths enhance T lymphocyte phenotypes, inhibit cytokine responses, and attenuate behavioral symptoms of infection in laboratory rats

Annual variations in day length (photoperiod) trigger changes in the immune and reproductive system of seasonally-breeding animals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether photoperiodic changes in immunity depend on concurrent photoperiodic responses in the reproductive system, or whether immunological responses to photoperiod occur independent of reproductive responses. Here we report photoperiodic changes in enumerative, functional, and behavioral aspects of the immune system, and in immunomodulatory glucocorticoid secretion, in reproductively non-photoperiodic Wistar rats. T-cell numbers (CD3+, CD8+, CD8+CD25+, CD4+CD25+) were higher in the blood of rats housed in short as opposed to long-day lengths for 10 weeks. Following a simulated bacterial infection (Escherichia coli LPS; 125 microg/kg) the severity of several acute-phase sickness behaviors (anorexia, cachexia, neophobia, and social withdrawal) were attenuated in short days. LPS-stimulated IL-1beta and IL-6 production were comparable between photoperiods, but plasma TNFalpha was higher in long-day relative to short-day rats. In addition, corticosterone concentrations were higher in short-day relative to long-day rats. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that photoperiodic regulation of the immune system can occur entirely independently of photoperiodic regulation of the reproductive system. In the absence of concurrent reproductive responses, short days increase the numbers of leukocytes capable of immunosurveillance and inhibition of inflammatory responses, increase proinflammatory cytokine production, increase immunomodulatory glucocorticoid secretion, and ultimately attenuate behavioral responses to infection. Seasonal changes in the host immune system, endocrine system, and behavior may contribute to the seasonal variability in disease outcomes, even in reproductively non-photoperiodic mammals.     

Catecholaminergic projections from the solitary tract nucleus to the perifornical hypothalamus

The source of adrenergic and other catecholaminergic fibers innervating the perifomical lateral hypothalamus was localized in the medulla after combination of Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry for either tyrosine-hydroxylase or phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase. Following perifomical injections, Fluoro-Gold-labeled neurons were observed mainly in regions including the noradrenergic and adrenergic cell groups. In the caudal solitary tract nucleus, two kinds of doubly labeled neurons were found: a) numerous noradrenergic neurons in the A₂ group at the level of, or caudal to the area postrema; b) some adrenergic neurons in the C₂ group at a level immediately rostral to the area postrema. These catecholaminergic neurons connecting the caudal solitary tract nucleus to the perifomical hypothalamus might convey feeding relevant information such as glycemic level or satiety signals.     

Brief report: imitation effects on children with autism

Twenty children with autism (mean age, 5 years) were recruited for the study from a school for children with autism. The children were randomly assigned to an imitation (n = 10) or contingently responsive (n = 10) interaction group based on a stratification table for gender and developmental and chronological age. The sessions consisted of four phases, with each phase lasting 3 minutes. In the first phase, the child walked into a room that was furnished with a sofa, a table, chairs, and two sets of identical toys. An adult was in the room sitting very still like a statue (first still-face condition). In the second phase, the adult either imitated the child or was contingently responsive to the child. In the third phase, the adult sat still again (second still-face condition), and in the fourth phase, the adult engaged in a spontaneous interaction. During the third phase (the second still-face condition), the children in the imitation group spent less time in gross motor activity and more time touching the adult, as if attempting to initiate an interaction. The contingency condition appeared to be a more effective way to facilitate a distal social behavior (attention), whereas the imitative condition was a more effective way to facilitate a proximal social behavior (touching).