Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as a function of psychopathy.

BACKGROUND: Psychopathy is a disorder involving a failure to experience many emotions that are necessary for appropriate social behavior. In this study, we probed the behavioral, emotional, and neural correlates of psychopathic traits within the context of a dyadic social interaction. METHODS: Thirty subjects were imaged with functional magnetic resonance imaging while playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game with human confederates who were outside the scanner. Subjects also completed two self-report psychopathy questionnaires. RESULTS: Subjects scoring higher on psychopathy, particularly males, defected more often and were less likely to continue cooperating after establishing mutual cooperation with a partner. Further, they experienced more outcomes in which their cooperation was not reciprocated (cooperate-defect outcome). After such outcomes, subjects scoring high in psychopathy showed less amygdala activation, suggesting weaker aversive conditioning to those outcomes. Compared with low-psychopathy subjects, subjects higher in psychopathy also showed weaker activation within orbitofrontal cortex when choosing to cooperate and showed weaker activation within dorsolateral prefrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortex when choosing to defect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that whereas subjects scoring low on psychopathy have emotional biases toward cooperation that can only be overcome with effortful cognitive control, subjects scoring high on psychopathy have an opposing bias toward defection that likewise can only be overcome with cognitive effort.     

Prevalence of falls among older adults in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AimThe aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis for studies that have examined the prevalence and risk factors of falls in older adults living in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC).MethodsA literature search was performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Physiotherapy Evidence Database; and SCOPUS up to October 2018 to identify studies that have examined prevalence, risk factors, or consequences of falls in older adults living in the GCC.ResultsA total of 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of falls among older adults residing in GCC countries was 46.9%. Falls among included studies were associated with older age, female gender, low educational level, and number of medications.ConclusionsThe study shows a high prevalence of falls in older adults living in the GCC countries. The risk factors in the current study must be interpreted with caution, since some of the included studies did not report any risk factors. Due to the limited number of evidence evaluating risk factors and consequences of falls in the GCC countries population, a further longitudinal research is needed.     

Anestesia y cirugía en condiciones muy precarias. Casos clínicos

We performed herniorrhaphy on 21 children (4 of them infants) and 3 adults, in very precarious conditions, in a hospital in a economically depressed area of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Anesthesia technique used in adults was subarachnoid and intravenous and intramuscular ketamine in children.Ketamine is an irreplaceable anesthetic in many parts of the world without resources, where the minimum safety means are not available. Knowing the simple anesthetic techniques, but with less risk, can also be useful in resourceful places, in unexpected situations. Greater solidarity is needed, both from anesthesia societies and from anesthesiologists, to alleviate the great deficiencies in well-trained professionals and means in places without resources.     

嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带动物模型(山羊)的手术配合

目的探讨嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带动物模型(山羊)的手术配合方法。方法以山羊为模型,用阶梯状联合钻一次成形建立股骨倒置瓶颈状隧道,以髌腱-胫骨结节骨块为移植物,胫骨壁外口骨桥打结固定。做好手术前、中、后的配合,保障手术顺利结束。结果手术进程顺利,术后动物顺利康复,无麻醉死亡和术后早期感染发生。结论科学、细致的手术配合,可保证手术的顺利完成。     

微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术的配合及护理

目的 探讨经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术的有效配合及护理要点。方法 分析236例微创经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜取石术的配合及护理经验。结果 236例患者手术均进行顺利，患者无意外事故及并发症发生。结论 有效的配合及护理，是保证手术的顺利进行，避免术中、术后并发症发生，使患者更快恢复健康的关键。     

Correlation between Drug Market Withdrawals and Socioeconomic,Health, and Welfare Indicators Worldwide

The relationship between the number of withdrawn/restricted drugs and socioeconomic, health, and welfare indicators were investigated in a comprehensive review of drug regulation information in the United Nations (UN) countries. A total of of 362 drugs were withdrawn and 248 were restricted during 1950-2010, corresponding to rates of 12.02±13.07 and 5.77±8.69 (mean±SD), respectively, among 94 UN countries. A socioeconomic, health, and welfare analysis was performed for 33 OECD countries for which data were available regarding withdrawn/restricted drugs. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP per hour worked, health expenditure per GDP, and elderly population rate were positively correlated with the numbers of withdrawn and restricted drugs (P<0.05), while the out-of-pocket health expenditure payment rate was negatively correlated. The number of restricted drugs was also correlated with the rate of drug-related deaths (P<0.05). The World Bank data cross-validated the findings of 33 OECD countries. The lists of withdrawn/restricted drugs showed markedly poor international agreement between them (Fleiss''s kappa=-0.114). Twenty-seven drugs that had been withdrawn internationally by manufacturers are still available in some countries. The wide variation in the numbers of drug withdrawals and restrictions among countries indicates the need to improve drug surveillance systems and regulatory communication networks.     

护理人才培养国际合作新模式的探索与实践

在全球文化交流日益频繁的今天,高等护理教育国际化是必然的趋势、重庆医科大学护理学院通过与美国密西根州立大学护理学院建立长期稳定的合作关系,积极探索护理人才培养国际合作新模式,有效地建立起国际化人才培养机制,形成国际化人才成长有利环境,实现了高等护理教育国际合作可持续发展。     

中西医结合护理中外合作人才培养模式的建构

中西医结合护理中外合作人才培养是中医院校护理学专业走向国际化的重要途径。为了更好地推动我校护理学专业的中外合作,促进国际化高级护理人才的培养,我院从人才培养教学计划、目标及规格、课程体系和教学内容等方面着手,初步建均了中西医结合护理中外合作人才培养模式。此模式可为其也中医药院校护理学专业中外合作办学提供参考,为我国高等护理教育改革提供思路;能促进中西方文化交流,弘扬和发展中医护理。     

Safety evaluation of 1,4-α-glucan branching enzymes from Bacillus stearothermophilus and Aquifex aeolicus expressed in Bacillus subtilis

1,4-α-Glucan branching enzyme (BE; EC 2.4.1.18) is a key biocatalyst in the synthesis of polysaccharides, and is therefore useful in the production of food ingredients. The BEs evaluated in this study (BE-01 and BE-02) are obtained by fermentation of Bacillus subtilis expressing the BE gene from either Bacillus stearothermophilus strain TRBE14 or Aquifex aeolicus strain VF5. The safety of BE-01 and BE-02 have not been previously evaluated, and therefore, both were subjected to standard toxicological testing. In a battery of standard Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537) and in Escherichia coli WP2uvrA, both with and without metabolic activation, neither BE-01 nor BE-02 exhibited mutagenic activity. Similarly, neither was associated with clastogenic properties in Chinese hamster ovary cells in an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay. In rats, oral administration of BE-01 or BE-02 at doses of up to 15 mL/kg body weight/day (approximately 870 and 900 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively) for 13 weeks did not produce compound-related clinical signs or toxicity, changes in body weight gain, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, or in any gross and microscopic findings. The results of this study support the safety of BE-01 and BE-02 in food production.