动静态结合仿真排便造影在便秘病因诊断中的应用

目的 探讨应用动静态结合仿真排便造影技术在便秘病因诊断中的应用价值.方法 对50例便秘的患者先行常规清洁肠腔,侧卧位经肛门注入自制仿真排便造影剂,充盈直肠、乙状结肠及部分降结肠,然后侧位坐于特质便桶上,调整好高度使左右股骨重合,显示耻骨联合及尾骨,以4帧/s的采集速度进行动态采集图像,然后对直肠、肛管动态变化进行分析测量.结果 该组50例患者,直肠前突32例,直肠折曲1例,肛管狭窄2例,直肠黏膜脱垂7例,盆底痉挛综合征4例,未找出便秘病因4例.结论 动静态结合仿真排便造影检查对便秘患者的病因诊断具有重要作用.     

不同年龄儿童便秘原因分析

便秘是由多种病理或生理因素引起的一种临床常见症状。不同年龄儿童，便秘的主要原因亦不同，应分年龄段进行分析。该文对不同年龄段儿童便秘的原因、特点作进一步的分析与探讨，为各年龄段儿童便秘诊断考虑的侧重点提供参考，以助提高临床诊疗水平。     

补虚逐瘀法联合针灸对冠心病便秘患者心脏不良事件的影响

目的:观察补虚逐瘀法联合针灸对冠心病便秘患者心脏不良事件的影响。方法:选取2014年9月至2016年10月辽宁中医药大学附属第三医院收治的冠心病便秘患者100例,进行回顾性研究,按治疗方式的不同分成联合组(n=56)和单针组(n=44),2组均给予冠心病常规治疗药物,单针组仅给予穴位针灸,联合组在单针组的基础加服补虚逐瘀汤,记录和比较2组的患者便秘情况的临床疗效、心电图疗效及心脏不良事件次数。结果:治疗后,联合组在心脏不良事件发生率(1.79%)的比较明显少于单针组(15.90%)(P0.05),联合组的心电图疗效(92.86%)优于单针组(68.18%)(P0.05)但2组在便秘情况临床疗效的差异无统计学意义(P0.05).结论:实施补虚逐瘀法联合针灸对冠心病便秘患者的治疗上,可明显改善患者心功能,有效减少患者排便时心脏不良事件的发生率,值得临床推广。     

阿片类药物相关性便秘研究进展

晚期癌症患者中50%以上有疼痛,癌痛成为一个全球性的严重公共健康问题。按照WHO三阶梯止痛原则进行癌痛规范化治疗,能使目前大多数癌痛患者疼痛得到缓解。阿片类止疼药是治疗癌性疼痛的常用药物,主要包括可待因、双氢可待因、羟考酮、美沙酮、吗啡、芬太尼、哌替啶（度冷丁）和曲马多等。     

穴位按摩腹带联合中药贴敷的应用对维持性血透病人便秘疗效的观察

目的 探讨利用穴位按摩腹带进行穴位按摩联合中药贴敷对维持性血透便秘病人的效果。方法 将60例长期维持性血液透析的便秘病人按透析日期的单双号分成两组,观察组用穴位按摩腹带联合中药贴敷,对照组服用大黄粉,两组其余治疗方法相同。观察两组便秘治疗的有效率和首次排便时间并进行比较。结果 观察组总有效率93.33%,对照组总有效率66.67%;观察组首次排便时间（4.83±2.67）h,对照组首次排便时间（8.15±5.67）h,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 穴位按摩腹带的应用联合中药贴敷可以使维持性血液透析病人保持大便通畅,减少因便秘引起的不适,提高生活质量,且使用简单方便,患者能自行操作。     

Asociación entre el dolor abdominal y el grado de coproestasis mediante la evaluación radiográfica en pacientes estreñidos que acuden a los servicios de urgencias pediátricas

Introduction and aimAbdominal pain in children is a frequent cause of emergency room consultation. An important group of those patients presents with chronic constipation and fecal impaction. Plain abdominal x-ray is widely used for making a diagnosis and ruling out the need for surgical treatment. The present study examined the association between pain intensity and fecal impaction grade.Materials and methodsAn analytic cross-sectional study was conducted that compared 2 radiographic scales to determine the association between the grade of fecal impaction observed and abdominal pain intensity in patients that sought medical attention at an emergency service within a 7-month period. The analysis was carried out by 2 different observers, utilizing 2 different radiographic scales to confirm their reproducibility. The degree of interobserver agreement was measured using the Kappa coefficient and the association between abdominal pain and fecal impaction grade was measured through the Spearman correlation coefficient.ResultsThere was a significant association between pain intensity and the radiographic grade of fecal impaction (P < .05) for the radiographic scale by segments and its interobserver agreement was high, compared with the scale by percentage.ConclusionsRadiographic scales may be useful in the evaluation and treatment of patients with abdominal pain and constipation. The segmental scale showed less interobserver variability, suggesting its proposal as an alternative in the evaluation and follow-up of patients with chronic constipation.     

Efficacy and Tolerability of Prucalopride in Patients with Constipation due to Spinal Cord Injury

Background: Chronic constipation (CC) often occurs after spinal cord injury (SCI). Prucalopride is a novel, highly selective, specific serotonin 4 receptor agonist with enterokinetic properties. We evaluate the tolerability and pilot efficacy of prucalopride in the treatment of CC due to SCI. Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot, phase II, dose-escalation study. After 4 weeks' run in, patients received prucalopride 1 mg ( n = 8) or placebo ( n = 4); 11 new patients were randomized to prucalopride 2 mg ( n = 8) or placebo ( n = 3) once daily for 4 weeks. Patients recorded bowel function (diary) and assessed constipation severity and treatment efficacy (visual analogue scale (VAS) 0-100 mm). Colonic transit times were determined. Results: Compared with run in, mean changes in constipation severity (VAS) increased with placebo, but decreased with prucalopride 1 and 2 mg. The VAS score for treatment efficacy showed a clear dose response (medians 4, 52 and 73 for placebo, 1 and 2 mg, respectively). Diary data showed an improvement in average weekly frequency of all bowel movements over 4 weeks within the 2 mg group (median 0.6; 95% CI 0.2; 1.2). There was a significant reduction in median colonic transit time with 2 mg ( n = 4; -38.5 h (95% CI-80; -5)). Four patients (2 mg) reported moderate/severe abdominal pain, and two of these discontinued treatment. There were no clinically relevant effects on any of the safety parameters. Conclusion: This pilot study indicates that prucalopride can play an important role in the management of patients with CC due to SCI.     

The Constipation Severity Instrument: A Validated Measure

Purpose This study was designed to develop and test the validity and reliability of the Constipation Severity Instrument. Methods Scale development was conducted in two stages: 1) 74 items were generated through a literature review and focus groups of constipated patients and medical providers; and 2) a preliminary instrument was administered to 191 constipated patients and 103 healthy volunteers. Test-retest reliability of the constipated group was assessed (N = 90). Content, convergent, divergent, and discriminant validity were evaluated by using other validated measures by performing one-way analysis of variance and Pearson correlations. Results Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis revealed three subscales: obstructive defecation, colonic inertia, and pain. Internal consistency (α = 0.88–0.91) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.84–0.91) were high for all subscales. Constipated patients were grouped by Rome II criteria: functional constipation (22 percent), pelvic floor dyssynergia (15 percent), constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (23 percent), and no specific criteria (40 percent). Those with constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome or pelvic floor dyssynergia scored higher on the Obstructive Defecation and Colonic Inertia subscales than those with functional constipation or no specific criteria (P = 0.001–0.058). Subjects with functional constipation had much lower scores on the pain subscale than constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome, functional constipation, or no specific criteria (P < 0.009).The Constipation Severity Instrument subscale and total score correlated very highly with the subscales and total score of the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom measure. The Constipation Severity Instrument subscales discriminated well between constipated patients and healthy volunteers (P < 0.001) and demonstrated excellent divergent validity. Higher Constipation Severity Instrument scores inversely correlated with general quality of life. Conclusions The Constipation Severity Instrument is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing constipated patients. Administration of the Constipation Severity Instrument to other constipated patients will further validate its use. Supported by the University of California San Francisco Hellman Family Award for Early Career Faculty. Read at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, St. Louis, Missouri, June 2 to 6, 2007. Reprints are not available.     

Safety and tolerability of linaclotide for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation: pooled Phase 3 analysis

Background: Linaclotide is approved for treating irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C; 290 µg QD) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC; 145 µg or 72 µg QD). These analyses aimed to assess linaclotide safety in a large, pooled Phase 3 population.

Methods: In six randomized controlled trials (RCTs), patients received linaclotide (72 µg, 145 µg, 290 µg) or placebo daily for 12–26 weeks; in two long-term safety (LTS) studies, patients received open-label linaclotide for ≤78 additional weeks. Laboratory values, vital signs, and treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were assessed.

Results: Overall, 3853 patients received ≥1 dose of linaclotide. The most common TEAE was diarrhea (majority [90.5% in RCTs] mild/moderate). Linaclotide patients experienced 1.1 diarrhea TEAE per patient-year in the RCTs (0.2 in placebo), and 0.3 in the LTS studies. In RCTs, 6.9% linaclotide and 3.0% placebo patients discontinued due to any adverse event (AE); 4.0% linaclotide and 0.3% placebo patients discontinued due to diarrhea. In LTS studies, 9.4% patients discontinued due to any AE, and 3.8% due to diarrhea. Serious AEs (SAEs) were rare and similar across treatment groups; there were no SAEs of diarrhea.

Conclusion: These pooled analyses of patients treated for ≤104 weeks confirm linaclotide’s overall safety.