50例母乳及产妇血清免疫功能动态观察

本文通过单向琼脂免疫扩散法,对50例健康产妇分娩时及产后4个月内,进行了母乳及产妇血清免疫成分IgG、IgA、IgM和补体C_3含量的连续检测,结果表明:免疫球蛋白在初乳中含量很高,特别是分泌型IgA(SIgA)产后头两天的含量远远高于产妇血清中IgA含量。说明母乳喂养对提高小儿被动免疫水平及早期获得抵抗婴儿时期多种传染病的能力具有重要价值。     

牛初乳片对小鼠细胞免疫及体液免疫功能的影响

目的研究牛初乳片对小鼠免疫调节功能的影响,并初步探讨其作用机制。方法采用清洁级雌性昆明种小鼠48只,随机分为对照及低、中、高剂量组,每组12只,给药途径为经口灌胃。牛初乳片剂量分别为1.0、2.0和3.0 mg/kg,对照组灌胃等体积去离子水,1次/d,连续30 d观察小鼠的迟发型变态反应（DPH）、脾脏淋巴细胞转化、脾脏抗体生成细胞数、半数溶血值（HC50）和脏器系数。对4组实验数据进行F检验。结果 3个剂量组小鼠的足跖肿胀度分别为（0.84±0.22）、（0.93±0.26）和（0.97±0.26）mm,分别与对照组[（0.61±0.26）mm]比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;中和高剂量组的HC50与对照组相比,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;对脾脏和胸腺脏器系数无影响。结论该牛初乳片可以显著增强小鼠的细胞免疫功能和体液免疫功能。     

A systematic review and meta-analysis of colostrum avoidance practice among breastfeeding mothers in Ethiopia,December 2021

BackgroundThe extent and causes of colostrum avoidance practices are varied widely in Ethiopia. As a result, a more conclusive study like systematic review and meta-analysis is required to take evidence-based interventional measures toward colostrum avoidance practice and its associated factors.MethodsA systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on colostrum avoidance practice were conducted. The online databases, other gray literature, and online repositories were searched to obtain relevant articles. The quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cross-sectional studies. Data were extracted using Microsoft excel 2016 spreadsheet and analysis was done by Stata 16.0 statistical package. The I² test statistic was used to test for heterogeneity whereas the funnel plot and Egger's test were used to detect publication bias. The pooled prevalence of colostrum avoidance practice and the log odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval were performed.ResultA total of 35 studies with 17, 224 breastfeeding mothers were included. The pooled prevalence of colostrum avoidance practice was 19.07% (95% CI: 14.65%–23.48%). Lack of counseling on colostrum feeding [AOR: 4.49, 95% CI: 2.74–6.25, I2 = 95.81%, p = 0.00], caesarean delivery [AOR: 3.84, 95% CI: 2.61–5.07, I2 = 77.64%, p = 0.02], delayed breastfeeding [AOR: 3.71, 95% CI: 1.07–6.35, I2 = 98.75%, p < 0.001], and poor knowledge of colostrum [AOR: 4.65, 95% CI: 3.15–6.14, I2 = 95.81%, p = 0.00] were a risk factors of colostrum avoidance practice.ConclusionColostrum avoidance is highly practiced in Ethiopia with 1 in 5 breastfeeding mothers discard colostrum. Lack of counseling on colostrum feeding and poor knowledge about colostrum were the contributing factors for colostrum avoidance practice. Maternal counseling regarding the importance of colostrum feeding to their baby should be strengthened.     

剖宫产术后两种镇痛方法对产妇泌乳及产后恢复的影响

【目的】探讨剖宫产术后两种阵痛方法对产妇泌乳及产后恢复的影响。【方法】分析2008年1月至2010年12月本院收治的120例健康足月产妇择期在联合椎管内麻醉下施行剖宫产术的临床资料。术后在知情同意的原则下,按镇痛方式的不同,随机分为行0．2％罗比卡因（5 mL／h）的硬膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）组（A组）和曲马多10 mg／kg ＋氟哌利多5 mg 的静脉自控镇痛（PCIA ）组（B组）,每组60例。两组均持续48 h镇痛。观察产妇血浆泌乳素（PRL ）水平、初乳时间、肠蠕动恢复时间及并发症发生情况。【结果】两组术后PRL 水平均较术前明显升高（ P ＜0．01）,A组PRL高于B组,术后24 h有显著性差异（ P ＜0．05）,48 h有极显著性差异（P ＜0．01）。A组初乳时间、肠蠕动恢复时间较B组均提前（P ＜0．05）,A组术后生命体征平稳,无恶心呕吐、头痛、肢体麻木发生,B组术后有5例出现恶心呕吐、头痛、盗汗现象,无其他不适。【结论】剖宫产术后罗比卡因PCEA镇痛效果确切安全,更能促进PRL分泌,有利于产妇泌乳,哺乳。     

Health factors in colostrum

Colostrum is a breast milk produced after the birth of the newborn and lasts for 2–4 days. Colostrum is very important part of breast milk and lays down the immune system and confers growth factors and other protective factors for the young ones in mammals. This is the source of passive immunity achieved by the mother and is transferred to the baby. This is the major source of secretory IgA and gives protection against gastrointestinal infections. In view of so many health factory through colostrum, the use of colostrum has been extended to so many health problems of mankind. Human and bovine colostrums have many similarities barring that bovine colostrum can be obtained in large quantity, so bovine colostrum has been used in various disorders in human beings. This is the nature’s gift that is for the young ones to grow as well as for the treatment of many health problems in older age group     

初乳HBV-DNA定量检测对乙肝产妇哺乳的指导价值

目的 探讨初乳HBV-DNA定量检测对乙肝产妇哺乳的指导意义.方法 选择住院分娩产妇325例,依据乙肝五项血清学指标分为五组感染模式.其中A组（65例）：乙肝HB、HBeAg和HBcAb均为阳性;B组（9例）：乙肝HBsAg、HBeAg、HBeAb和HBcAb均为阳性;C组（152例）：乙肝HBsAg、HBeAb和HBcAb均为阳性;D组（47例）：乙肝HBsAg、HBcAb为阳性;E组（52例）：乙肝五项指标全阴性为对照组.采用化学发光法检测产妇HBV标志物,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR检测产妇血清和初乳HBV-DNA载量,对相关数据进行组间卡方检验分析.结果 A组血清和乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率分别为100.00％（65/65）和83.08％ （54/65）,乳汁HBV-DNA载量平均为3.82 ×104copies·ml-1;B组血清和乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率分别为100.00％ （9/9）和77.78％（7/9）,乳汁HBV-DNA载量平均为1.26×104copies·ml-1;C组血清和乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率分别为17.10％（26/152）和1.97％ （3/152）,乳汁HBV-DNA载量平均为2.31×103copies·ml-1;D组血清和乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率分别为44.68％（21/47）和23.40％（11/47）,乳汁HBV-DNA载量平均为6.17×103copies·ml-1;E组血清和乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率均为0（0/52）,乳汁HBV-DNA载量为＜1.0×103copies·ml-1.A组与B组乳汁HBV-DNA阳性率（83.08％、77.78％）明显高于C组（1.97％）,差异有统计学意义（x2值分别为135.26和115.31,P ＜0.05）;产妇乳汁HBV-DNA与血清中HBV-DNA水平呈正相关.结论 血清乙肝免疫学检测呈HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性的产妇不宜哺乳,血清呈HBsAg、HBeAb和HBcAb阳性但同时乳汁HBV-DNA阴性者宜谨慎哺乳.     

Evidence of proviral clearance following postpartum transmission of an ovine lentivirus

Lentiviral transmission by transfer of infected colostrum and/or milk is considered to be highly efficient. In this study, postpartum transmission of ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) from 10 naturally infected ewes to their 23 lambs was followed from the perinatal period throughout a four-year period. The lambs were allowed to suckle from their dam from birth through 32 weeks of age. Virus was tracked by virus isolation, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and anti-OPPV antibody responses as measured by cELISA. Cell-associated OPPV was isolated from colostrum/milk cells in 7 out of 10 ewes and provirus envelope (env) loads ranged 8 to 10(5) copies/mug DNA in colostrum/milk cells from the 10 ewes using qPCR. Provirus env loads were also detected in the peripheral circulation of 21 lambs at 8 weeks and two lambs at 22 weeks. The qPCR product at 8 weeks was confirmed as the transmembrane (tm) gene of OPPV by cloning and sequencing. Both cELISA titers ranging from 325 to 3125 and cross-neutralizing antibody titers ranging from 6 to 162 to seven different OPPV strains were found in the colostrum of the 10 ewes. Furthermore, cELISA titers in serum from lambs remained detectable through 32 weeks following the clearance of provirus at 24 weeks. After 32 weeks, both provirus and anti-OPPV antibody responses have subsequently remained undetectable through 4 years of age. These data suggest the clearance of cell-associated lentiviruses from lamb circulation after passive transfer of antibody via colostrum.     

Efficacy of dried colostrum powders in the prevention of diarrhea in neonatal Holstein calves

One hundred and twenty healthy Holstein calves were assigned randomly at birth to one of four groups; each group contained 30 calves and the calves were received as follows: group A, 85 ± 5 g of lyophilized colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group B, 85 ± 5 g of spray-dried colostrum powder dissolved in 3 kg of whole milk; group C, 750 ml frozen and thawed colostrum in 3 kg of whole milk, and group D, only 3 kg of whole milk without colostrum supplement. Each group was subdivided into 3 sub-groups of 10 calves as follows: calves fed colostrum supplement at 24 or 48 or 72 h after birth. All calves fed fresh colostrum within 6 h after birth at the amount of 5% of BW by bottle. Calves which were fed lyophilized colostrum supplement had a significant lower incidence of diarrhea in comparison to control calves. In addition, calves were received lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth showed less incidence of diarrhea than calves fed the supplement at 48 and 72 h. According to the results of present study providing lyophilized colostrum supplement at 24 h after birth might have been preventive effect on calf diarrhea. The spray-dried colostrum supplement had not the same effect.     

Influence of infant-feeding practices on nutritional status of under-five children

Objectives: To study the nutritional status of under-five children and to assess whether infant feeding practices are associated with the undernutrition in anganwari (AW) areas of urban Allahabad.Methods: Under-five-years children and their mothers in selected four anganwari areas of urban Allahbad (UP) participated in the study. Nutritional assessment by WHO criterion (SD- classification) using summary indices of nutritional status: weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height was done. Normal test of proportions, Chi-square test for testing association of nutritional status with different characteristics and risk analysis using odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was also done.Results: Among all under five children surveyed, 36.4% underweight (<2SD weight- for-age), 51.6% stunted (<2SD height- for-age), and 10.6% wasted (<2SD weight- for-height). Proportions of underweight (45.5%) and stunting (81.8%) were found maximum among children aged 13–24 months. Wasting was most prevalent (18.2%) among children aged 37–48 months. Initiation of breast-feeding after six hours of birth, deprivation from colostrum and improper complementary feeding were found significant (P<0.05) risk factors for underweight. Wasting was not significantly associated (P>0.10) with any infant feeding practice studied. ICDS benefits received by children failed to improve the nutritional status of children.Conclusion: Delayed initiation of breast-feeding, deprivation from colostrum, and improper weaning are significant risk factors for undernutrition among under-fives. There is need for promotion and protection of optimal infant feeding practices for improving nutritional status of children.     

VALIDATION OF THE FLUORESCENCE POLARIZATION ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF MILK ANTIBODY TO BRUCELLA ABORTUS

A fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) for detection of antibody to Brucella abortus in individual milk samples was developed and validated. Samples from 190 cattle from which B. abortus was isolated; milk samples from cattle in herds infected with B. abortus (n = 1086) and positive in the milk ring test (MRT), as well as milk samples from Canadian cattle (with no evidence of brucellosis, n = 2974) were tested by the indirect enzyme immunoassay (IELISA) and the FPA. The sensitivity (based on samples from culture positive cattle) and specificity (based on Canadian milk samples) of the IELISA and the FPA were 100%. The relative sensitivity value obtained with milk from cattle of infected herds and the specificity values of the IELISA were 98.5 and 99.9%, respectively. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the FPA with the same samples were 82.2 and 99.4% using a cut-off value of 90 millipolarization units (mP).The low relative sensitivity value of the FPA was shown, by competitive enzyme immunoassay (CELISA), to be due to vaccinal antibody (assumed as vaccinal antibody against B. abortus S19 is excluded by the FPA and CELISA but not by the MRT and the IELISA), present in some of the milk samples. The FPA is a homogeneous assay which, unlike the MRT and the IELISA, may be used for testing in the field.