不同时间电针对直肠癌开腹手术患者围术期应激反应和免疫功能的影响

目的观察不同时点电针对直肠癌开腹手术患者围术期应激反应及免疫功能的影响。方法240例择期行直肠癌根治性开腹手术而住院的患者,随机分为A组、B组、C组、D组,每组60例。A组设为空白对照组,B组于手术前1 d、C组于手术前1 d和麻醉诱导前30 min、D组分别于手术前1 d、麻醉诱导前30 min及手术后1 d行电针。分别于手术前1 d电针前(T1)、麻醉诱导前电针前(T2)、术毕(T3)和手术后1 d电针后(T4)4个时间采集患者空腹外周静脉血,用Sysmex血细胞分析仪对白细胞与中性粒细胞进行计数;ELISA检测急性期C反应蛋白(CRP)与热反应蛋白70(HSP70)以及细胞因子白介素6(IL-6)、干扰素(IFN-g)、白介素4(IL-4)水平,并计算IFN-g与IL-4比值;采用流式细胞仪测定CD4、CD8的细胞含量并计算两者比值。结果HSP70与CRP水平、白细胞数与中性粒细胞数、IL-4与IL-6水平变化趋势均一致,4组T1、T2时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组与B组T3和T4时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组、D组T3和T4时间显著低于A组与B组(P<0.05);D组T4时间显著低于C组(P<0.05);4组T2时间与T1时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T3时间高于T2时间(P<0.05),T4时间低于T3时间(P<0.05)。IFN-g变化不显著(P>0.05),IFN-g/IL-4、CD4/CD8变化趋势与以上相反。结论电针术前使用对直肠癌患者无显著疗效,但能够减轻术后应激反应和免疫抑制,并且随着电针次数的合理增加疗效更加显著。     

Disparity in the use of adjuvant radioactive iodine ablation among high-risk papillary thyroid cancer patients

BackgroundWe sought to identify treatment disparities existing prior to publication of the 2015 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines in order to identify patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) at risk for receiving inadequate treatment.MethodsPatients diagnosed with PTC from 2011 to 2013 were identified using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database. High-risk disease was defined as T4, N1, or M1. Chi-square tests compared characteristics of patients with and without high-risk disease and characteristics of high-risk patients who did and did not receive radioactive iodine ablation (RAI). Likelihoods of having high-risk disease, of receiving RAI, and of cause-specific death were calculated using regression analyses.ResultsSample included 32,229 individuals; 7894 (24.5%) had high-risk disease. Mean age was 50.0 years, 24,815 (77.0%) were female, and 21,318 (66.2%) were white. Odds of high-risk disease were greater among males (OR:2.04; 95% CI:1.92–2.16), Hispanics (OR:1.67; 95% CI:1.56–1.79) and Asians (OR:1.49; 95% CI:1.37–1.62), and uninsured (OR:1.24; 95% CI:1.07–1.43), and lower among patients ages 45–64 (OR:0.57; 95% CI:0.53–0.60), and ≥65 years (OR:0.54; 95% CI:0.50–0.59), and Blacks (OR:0.46; 95% CI:0.40–0.53). Most (69.3%) high-risk patients received RAI. Odds of receiving RAI were lower among patients age ≥65 years (OR:0.67; 95% CI:0.58–0.77), uninsured (OR:0.52; 95% CI:0.41–0.67), or with Medicaid (OR:0.58; 95% CI:0.50–0.69). RAI use reduced the risk of cause-specific mortality (HR:0.29; 95% CI:0.18–0.47).ConclusionKnowledge of these treatment disparities will allow recognition of groups at risk for high-risk disease and receiving inadequate treatment.     

Risk communication in a patient decision aid for radiotherapy in breast cancer: How to deal with uncertainty?

Background and aimPatient decision aids for oncological treatment options, provide information on the effect on recurrence rates and/or survival benefit, and on side-effects and/or burden of different treatment options. However, often uncertainty exists around the probability estimates for recurrence/survival and side-effects which is too relevant to be ignored. Evidence is lacking on the best way to communicate these uncertainties. The aim of this study is to develop a method to incorporate uncertainties in a patient decision aid for breast cancer patients to support their decision on radiotherapy.MethodsFirstly, qualitative interviews were held with patients and health care professionals. Secondly, in the development phase, thinking aloud sessions were organized with four patients and 12 health care professionals, individual and group-wise.ResultsConsensus was reached on a pictograph illustrating the whole range of uncertainty for local recurrence risks, in combination with textual explanation that a more exact personalized risk would be given by their own physician. The pictograph consisted of 100 female icons in a 10 x 10 array. Icons with a stepwise gradient color indicated the uncertainty margin. The prevalence and severity of possible side-effects were explained using verbal labels.ConclusionsWe developed a novel way of visualizing uncertainties in recurrence rates in a patient decision aid. The effect of this way of communicating risk uncertainty is currently being tested in the BRASA study (NCT03375801).     

多原发结直肠癌的临床特征和预后

目的探讨多原发结直肠癌的临床特征和预后。方法回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院2013年1月至2018年12月收治的42例多原发结直肠癌患者的临床资料,对其临床病理特征、诊治及预后进行总结。结果符合多原发结直肠癌诊断的患者42例,占同期收治的所有结直肠癌患者的1.20%(42/3499),病理类型以腺癌为主。其中,同时性多原发癌32例,年龄38~86岁,中位年龄66岁,共发现73处结直肠癌灶,多位于近端结肠、乙状结肠及直肠;共检出淋巴结527枚,阳性10枚(1.9%),淋巴结阳性患者占同时性多原发癌的37.5%(12/32);27例为双原发癌,3例为三原发癌,2例为五原发癌;1、3年总生存率分别为83.75%和74.38%。异时性多原发癌10例,年龄33~86岁,第一癌多位于直肠和乙状结肠区域,第二癌多位于升结肠区域;共检出淋巴结276枚,阳性率12.3%(34枚),1、3年总生存率分别为100.00%和66.67%。结论多原发结直肠癌在临床上不少见,其分布有一定规律。临床中应引起重视,提高早期诊断率。应早期手术治疗以提高患者的生存率。     

Immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal carcinoma

Among the numerous signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis, PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR is a key one that regulates diverse cellular functions. However, its prognostic value in esophageal carcinoma remains unclear. In our study, we examined the immunohistochemical expression of phosphorylated (p‐) AKT, mTOR, p70S6K and 4E‐BP1 along with the mutational status of PIK3CA and AKT1 genes by High Resolution Melting Analysis and Pyrosequencing in 44 esophageal carcinomas. The results were correlated with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients in an effort to define their possible prognostic significance. Total p‐mTOR cytoplasmic expression, assessed in 10 random areas, was positively correlated with tumor stage (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, I/II vs III/IV, p = 0.0500). Μoreover, maximum p‐mTOR cytoplasmic immunoexpression, estimated in hot spot areas, was positively associated with tumor grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0565). Interestingly, p‐4E‐BP1 immunoreactivity was negatively correlated with tumor histological grade (Mann–Whitney U test, I/II vs III, p = 0.0427). No mutation was observed in exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA gene and in exon 4 of AKT1 gene. In conclusion, our findings depict the presence of activated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in esophageal cancer bringing forward p‐mTOR and p‐4E‐BP1 for their potential role in esophageal carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to validate our findings.     

Adult Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Established Entities from Morphology to Molecular Genetics

According to the current World Health Organization (WHO), renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) that primarily affect adults are classified into 8 major subtypes. Additional emerging entities in renal neoplasia have also been recently recognized and these are discussed in further detail by Mehra et al (Emerging Entities in Renal Neoplasia, Surgical Pathology Clinics, 2015, Volume 8, Issue 4). In most cases, the diagnosis of a RCC subtype can be based on morphologic criteria, but in some circumstances the use of ancillary studies can aid in the diagnosis. This review discusses the morphologic, genetic, and molecular findings in RCCs previously recognized by the WHO, and provides clues to distinction from each other and some of the newer subtypes of RCC. As prognosis and therapeutic options vary for the different subtypes of RCC, accurate pathologic distinction is critical for patient care.