Energy recommendations for normal weight,overweight and obese children and adolescents: are different equations necessary?

In 2002/2005, separate energy requirement equations were generated by the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Dietary Reference Intake process for normal weight and overweight/obese children and adolescents. The current paper questions the theoretical rationale of having two sets of equations (based solely on body-weight classification): when body weight is considered, overweight and obese children and adolescents do not seem to differ from their normal weight counterparts in energy expended for basal metabolism or physical activity tasks. However, energy needs for weight maintenance among overweight/obese girls were consistently higher when predicted using the equations for overweight/obese individuals compared with those developed for normal weight individuals. In contrast, among overweight/obese boys, they were consistently lower . Although the differences are within the variability of the estimates, even theoretical support for a higher energy intake (as occurs in girls) seems unwise because of the potential contribution to a higher body mass in children who are already at risk. It is the opinion of the authors that the IOM revisit the use of two separate equations and generate one set that is appropriate for all children and adolescents.     

心脾综合征的多普勒超声心动图诊断

目的:探讨多普勒超声心动图对心脾综合征的诊断价值,分析其心脏伴随畸形漏诊及误诊原因,提高对心脾综合征诊断的准确率。方法:本文总结了221例心脾综合征患儿的超声检测结果,并与其心血管造影或磁共振检查结果进行对照。结果:超声心动图诊断为心脾综合征与心导管或磁共振结论符合者199例(占90.0%),诊断不符合者22例(占10.0%)。结论:多普勒超声心动图可以较准确地诊断心脾综合征,但对其心脏伴随畸形检出的准确率尚待进一步提高。     

Comparison between a swim-up and a Percoll gradient technique for the separation of human spermatozoa

Two methods of separating human sperm were compared using twenty-two semen samples. The sperm were separated by a swim-up technique or by self-migration on a Percoll gradient followed by medium change. After separation, the sperm obtained were assessed for progressive motility, ATP content, energy charge index ([ATP + 0.5 ADP]/[ATP + ADP + AMP]) and morphology. In general, and especially for semen samples containing less than 20 X 10(6) sperm/ml, separation by Percoll gradient selected sperm that were superior to those separated by the swim-up technique. The relatively high energy charge index (greater than 0.8) showed that the sperm tolerated the separation conditions well. It is suggested that self-migration on a Percoll gradient should prove useful for obtaining sperm of high quality.     

内脏器官激光多谱勒血流灌注图象的显示

目的显示内脏器官血流灌注和分布的图象,探讨激光多谱勒血流成像技术在内脏微循环检测中的价值。方法应用激光多谱勒血流灌注成像仪(LDPI),对大鼠和家兔腹部脏器(肝、脾、肾、膀胱、胃、大小肠和肠系膜等)的血流灌注进行扫描和血流图显示。结果在体内脏器官显像清晰,肝、肾、脾、膀胱等微循环血流的整体分布较均匀;而胃、肠系膜、回盲肠等激光多谱勒血流图上大血流线状显示极其显著;大鼠与家兔两种动物之间相同脏器血流图上的差异并不明显。结论LDPI能将内脏器官的微循环状态以图象的形式显示,该新技术方法在检测内脏血流方面将有一定的应用价值。     

Noninvasive Intracranial Cerebral Flow Velocity Evaluation in the Emergency Department by Emergency Physicians

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an accepted modality for the evaluation of cerebral blood flow velocities. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of bedside TCD measurement in the emergency department (ED) with critically ill, intubated patients. METHODS: A prospective convenience sample of patients presenting to a university hospital over a two-month period underwent TCD evaluation of the middle cerebral artery. Intubated patients with head trauma and any patient requiring tracheal intubation were eligible. A 2-MHz Doppler probe was positioned over the temporal bone to acquire blood flow velocities. An emergency medicine resident and research assistant obtained measurements. Continuous TCD tracings were recorded on a video cassette recorder tape for quality assurance review and data collection. Vital signs and therapeutic interventions were also recorded. Flow velocities were measured in cm/s; the peak Resistance Index (RI) was calculated for each patient. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients were enrolled in the study. Adequate tracings were obtained in 25 patients (83%) without a disruption of resuscitation. Tracings could not be obtained in five patients; they were listed as TCD failures. However, in two of these patients, adequate flow velocity tracings were obtained after resuscitation. Four patients were evaluated during tracheal intubation. One patient was monitored successfully during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The median time required for data acquisition was 1.9 minutes. The mean highest RI for those who expired was 0.84. For those who survived, the mean highest RI was 0.52. The difference of 0.32 was statistically significant (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Noninvasive blood flow velocity monitoring of the middle cerebral artery using TCD is feasible in the ED when performed at the bedside on intubated patients with traumatic brain injury and others during tracheal intubation and resuscitation.     

乳腺良恶性肿块的高频彩色多普勒超声分析

目的:探讨彩色多普勒多参数分析对乳腺良、恶性肿块鉴别诊断的价值。材料和方法:应用高频彩色多普勒对96例104个乳腺实质肿块进行扫查,观察肿块的彩色多普勒血流信号及多普勒血流频谱形态,与手术病理结果对照分析。结果:64.4%的良性肿块可检出血流信号,血流信号多为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,良性肿块中血流频谱以低阻力搏动型及静脉型多见,91.1%的乳腺恶性肿块可检出血流信号,血流信号多为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,恶性肿块的血流频谱形态较多样化,即同时有多种血流频谱,且以高阻力搏动型和湍流型为多见。结论:高频彩色多普勒超声多参数综合分析有助于临床对乳腺肿块的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

彩色多普勒超声在肝细胞癌经动脉化疗栓塞术后的应用

对于失去手术机会的肝细胞肝癌,介入治疗是目前比较公认的首选治疗方法,但因其复发、转移率高,故术后寻找一种简便、有效的监测方法客观评价其疗效显得尤其重要。本文综述了彩色多普勒超声在肝细胞肝癌经动脉化疗栓塞术后评价的应用,及与其他影像学方法比较和其优势所在。     

糖尿病肾内动脉血流动力学改变的研究

目的：观察糖尿病肾病不同时期肾内分级动脉血流动力学的改变。方法：用脉冲多普勒方法分别测量正常对照组、糖尿病正常蛋白尿阶段，隐匿性肾病．临床糖尿病肾病肾功能代偿期及糖尿病肾病肾功失代偿期各组肾内分级动脉Vmax、Vmin、TAMX、PI、RI血流参数．并与对照组比较。结果：糖尿病不同时期Vmax均增高．与正常对照组有显著性差异；Vmin随着病程的发展．逐渐减低；PI、RI随病情的进展逐渐增高．尤以糖尿病肾病肾功能代偿期及肾病肾功失代偿期明显。结论：多普勒超声是一种简便、直观、快速非创伤性检查糖尿病血流动力学改变的方法．通过对肾内分级动脉血流参数的观察．尤其是PI、RI的变化，判断糖尿病肾损害的程度。     

脑缺血疾患颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查

目的 :探讨二维彩色多普勒超声及彩色血管三维超声在颈动脉疾病的诊断价值。材料方法 :疑为缺血性脑卒中患者 80例 ,行颈动脉彩色多普勒超声检查 ,其中 2 8例同时做彩色血管三维超声成像 ,5 5例经临床、CT、MRI证实为脑梗死。结果 :①本组 5 5例脑梗死 ,彩色多普勒超声发现 4 9例颈动脉粥样硬化斑。②有脑梗死的彩色血管三维血流图呈“串珠”状 ,而非脑梗死的彩色血管三维血流图呈连续“圆锥”状。结论 :彩色多普勒超声诊断颈动脉粥样硬化有良好的价值 ,三维彩超是二维彩色多普勒超声的有益补充。     

112例脑动脉系统微栓子监测的临床研究

目的　研究脑动脉系统微栓子 (MES)的产生机制及其相关因素。方法　将 112例 MES监测的临床资料进行总结分析。结果　本组微栓子检出率为 33.93% ,且全部见于有明显脑卒中症状者 ;脑梗死 MES检出率为35 .87%且以原发性大面积梗死为主 ;MES阳性与病程有明显相关 ,病程 <72 h易检出微栓子 ,阳性率为 4 7.72 % ;颅内血管狭窄是微栓子产生的主要原因 ;颈动脉异常与正常组微栓子出现率无明显差异 ,但发现本组病例中微栓子出现以左侧为主 ,与颈动脉病变部位一致率为 5 5 .5 5 % ;确定微栓子来源于有病变的颅外颈动脉 2例 ,来源于有病变的颅内颈动脉系 5例 ,来源于同时伴有颅内外血管病变 12例 ,表明颅内外动脉同时伴有病变时微栓子检出率增高 ;MES的阳性率与血液成分无相关性 ,但在血液成分异常组中血粘度增高以及血小板聚集降低 MES阳性率明显增高。结论　脑动脉系统中监测到微栓子说明患者有活动的栓子来源 ,易发生或复发脑梗死 ,TCD能正确的监测、判断脑循环中微栓子 ,确定其发生率、性质、来源以及与疾病的联系