部分脾动脉栓塞治疗脾功能亢进的临床应用及进展

脾功能亢进(脾亢)是继发于肝硬化、门静脉高压的一种常见临床病症,传统的治疗方法中只有外科手术切除脾脏疗效明确。近年来部分性脾动脉栓塞术(PSAE)因其创伤小、风险低、疗效肯定等优势,已成为治疗脾亢的重要方法,且逐渐受到临床医师的认识和重视。该文通过对脾亢基础临床资料、临床介入治疗方法及疗效评价予以综述,针对脾亢的介入治疗现状及未来发展方向进行展望。     

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and extraperitoneal infections in patients with cirrhosis

Infections are a frequent complication and a major cause of death among patients with cirrhosis. The important impact of infections in general and especially spontaneous bacterial peritonitis on the course of disease and prognosis of patients with cirrhosis has been recognized for many years. Nevertheless, such importance has recently increased due to the comprehension of infection as one of the most prominent risk factors for patients to develop acute-on-chronic liver failure. Furthermore, the issue of infections in cirrhosis is a focus of increasing attention because of the spreading of multidrug resistant bacteria, which is an emerging concern among physicians assisting patients with cirrhosis. In the present paper, we will review the current epidemiology of infections in patients with cirrhosis and particularly that of infections caused by resistant bacteria, demonstrating the relevance of the subject. Besides, we will discuss the current recommendations on diagnosis and treatment of different kinds of infections, including spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and we will highlight the importance of knowing local microbiological profiles and choosing empirical antibiotic therapy wisely. Finally, we will debate the existing evidences regarding the role of volume expansion with albumin in patients with cirrhosis and extraperitoneal infections, and that of antibiotic prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.     

Role of CD98 in liver disease

CD98 is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is involved in various biological processes such as amino acid transport, cell adhesion, diffusion, adhesion, and proliferation. The role of CD98 in liver disease has not thoroughly been examined and is limited reports in the literature. Among these reports, direct association for CD98 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported. Our lab has reported that targeting CD98 in high fat diet mice reduced steatosis and inflammation in NAFLD. Other reports associate CD98 in HCC due in part to the role of CD98 in activating integrin signaling. Herein, we present CD98 staining on liver biopsies from NAFLD, chronic active hepatitis, cirrhosis, and 3 stages of HCC to demonstrate the upregulation of CD98 expression throughout liver disease progression. In addition, we analyze current literature to elucidate roles and potential roles of CD98 with each stage of liver disease.     

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in cirrhotic patients:Systematic review

Patients with liver cirrhosis were traditionally believed to be protected against development of blood clots.Lately,studies have shown that these patients may probably be at an increased risk of venous thrombotic complications.Although the hemostatic changes in the chronic liver disease patients and the factors that may predict bleeding vs thrombotic complications remains an area of active research,it is believed that the coagulation cascade is delicately balanced in these patients because of parallel reduced hepatic synthesis of pro and anticoagulant factors.Thrombotic state in cirrhotic patients is responsible for not only portal or non-portal thrombosis[deep vein thrombosis(DVT)and pulmonary embolism(PE)];it has also been associated with progression of liver fibrosis.The use of anticoagulants in cirrhosis patients is a challenging,and often a scary situation.This review summarizes the current literature on the prevalence of venous thrombosis(DVT and PE),risk factors and safety of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation in patients with chronic liver disease.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of beta-blockers vs endoscopic surveillance in patients with cirrhosis and small varices

AIM:To evaluate the most cost-effectiveness strategy for preventing variceal growth and bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.METHODS:A stochastic analysis based on decision trees was performed to compare the cost-effectiveness of beta-blockers therapy starting from a diagnosis of small varices(Strategy 1)with that of endoscopic surveillance followed by beta-blockers treatment when large varices are demonstrated(Strategy 2),for preventing variceal growth,bleeding and death in patients with cirrhosis and small esophageal varices.The basic nodes of the tree were gastrointestinal endoscopy,inpatient admission and treatment for bleeding,as required.All estimates were performed using a Monte Carlo microsimulation technique,consisting in simulating observations from known probability distributions depicted in the model.Eight-hundred-thousand simulations were performed to obtain the final estimates.All estimates were then subjected to Monte Carlo Probabilistic sensitivity analysis,to assess the impact of the variability of such estimates on the outcome distributions.RESULTS:The event rate(considered as progression of varices or bleeding or death)in Strategy 1[24.09%(95%CI:14.89%-33.29%)]was significantly lower than in Strategy 2[60.00%(95%CI:48.91%-71.08%)].The mean cost(up to the first event)associated with Strategy 1[823￡(95%CI:106￡-2036￡)]was not significantly different from that of Strategy 2[799￡(95%CI:0￡-3498￡)].The cost-effectiveness ratio with respect to this endpoint was equal to 50.26￡(95%CI:-504.37￡-604.89￡)per event avoided over the four-year follow-up.When bleeding episodes/deaths in subjects whose varices had grown were included,the mean cost associated with Strategy 1 was 1028￡(95%CI:122￡-2581￡),while 1699￡(95%CI:171￡-4674￡)in Strategy 2.CONCLUSION:Beta-blocker therapy turn out to be more effective and less expensive than endoscopic surveillance for primary prophylaxis of bleeding in patients with cirrhosis and small varices.     

定量检测710例肝病患者HBsAg和H BeAg临床意义

目的：了解乙型肝炎与肝硬化患者表面抗原（HBsAg）与e抗原（HBeAg）定量变化规律,探讨分层次联合抗病毒治疗并争取满意效果的可行性。方法采用荧光磁微粒酶免法检测710例 HBV 相关肝病患者 HBsAg 和HBeAg,用SPSS19．0软件包进行统计学处理。结果 HBsAg＜0．2 IU/mL 61例,占8．5％;HBsAg＞0．2 IU/mL～＜100 IU/mL 为低水平 HBsAg组,55例,占7．7％;HBsAg ＞100 IU/mL～＜1000 IU/mL 为中等水平 HBsAg 组,142例,占20％;HBsAg 1000～5000 IU/mL为高水平 HBsAg 组,211例,占29．7％;HBsAg＞5000 IU/mL 为超高水平HBsAg组,241例,占33．9％;各型肝炎随年龄增大,HBsAg 定量值逐步下降,转阴高峰集中在46岁左右;HBeAg 阴性组（＜1．0 CI）453例,占63．8％;低水平 HBeAg阳性组（＞1．0 CI～＜10 CI）96例,占13．5％;中等量水平 HBeAg 阳性组（＞10 CI～＜100 CI）55例,占7．7％;高水平 HBeAg 阳性组（＞100 CI～＜500 CI）23例,占3．2％;超高水平HBeAg阳性组（＞500 CI）83例,占11．6％;从慢性 HBV携带者,慢性乙型肝炎,代偿期肝硬化到失代偿期肝硬化,年龄逐步增大,HBsAg和 HBeAg定量秩均值逐步下降,卡方检验有显著性差异。结论 HBsAg 和 HBeAg 定量随年龄增加与病情发展逐步下降,根据 HBsAg,HBeAg 和 HBV DNA定量进行分层次联合抗病毒治疗可争取较满意效果。     

Effect of zinc treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with liver cirrhosis:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential trace element integral to many cellular and immune functions. Zinc deficiency is highly prevalent in patients with cirrhosis and related to disease severity.AIM To evaluate whether zinc supplementation improves clinical outcomes(disease severity and mortality) in patients with cirrhosis.METHODS This prospectively registered systematic review(PROSPERO reference: CRD42018118219) included all studies in Medline, Embase or Cochrane database with inclusion criteria of adult human studies, comparing zinc supplementation of at least 28 d with standard care or placebo in patients with cirrhosis. Mortality and clinical severity score data were extracted. Random effects meta-analyses compared mortality at 6 mo and 2 years. Risk of bias was assessed using the National Institutes of Health quality assessment tool.RESULTS Seven hundred and twelve articles were identified of which four were eligible. Zinc formulations and doses varied(elemental zinc 3.4-214 mg daily) for different intervention periods in patients with differing etiology and severity of cirrhosis. Two studies were considered to be at high risk of bias. There was no significant difference in 6-mo mortality between patients treated with zinc versus controls [risk ratio 0.98(0.90-1.05)]. Changes in severity scores were not reported in any study.CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation is not associated with reduced mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Findings are limited by the small number of eligible studies and significant heterogeneity in intervention and patient population.     

Oesophageal capsule endoscopy versus oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy for the diagnosis of recurrent varices: A prospective multicentre study

BackgroundOesophago-gastroduodenoscopy is the standard method for the diagnosis of recurrent oesophago-gastric varices after endoscopic treatment and eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the PillCam^®Eso capsule endoscopy in this setting.MethodsProspective, multicentre study in which patients with history of oesophageal varices treated by band ligation underwent PillCam^®Eso capsule and oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy. Capsule recordings were blindly read by two endoscopists. Indication for a new prophylactic treatment and patient satisfaction were determined for both procedures.Results80 patients (80% males, mean age: 57 ± 12 years) were included, after a median delay of 16 months from last endoscopic treatment. Recurrent oesophageal varices requiring a new prophylactic treatment were detected in 26 patients (32.5%). The mean oesophageal transit time of the capsule was 153 s (range 2–930 s). Capsule sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values for indication of new prophylactic treatments were 65%, 83%, 83%, and 65%, respectively. Capsule adequately classified 77.5% of the patients for prophylaxis indication. Inter-observer concordance for capsule readings was 88% for the prophylaxis indication.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that accuracy of PillCam^®Eso capsule for the diagnosis of recurrent oesophageal varices after endoscopic eradication is suboptimal. PillCam^®Eso capsule might therefore be proposed in patients unable or unwilling to undergo oesophago-gastroduodenoscopy.