Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia: A realistic animal model of depression

Chronic sequential administration of a variety of mild stressors causes a decrease in responsiveness to rewards in rats, which is reversed by chronic administration of antidepressant drugs. This paper reviews the validity of chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia as an animal model of depression, and the evidence that changes in hedonic responsiveness in this model are mediated by changes in the sensitivity of dopamine D2 receptors in the nucleus accumbens. The review opens with an analysis of the design features of animal models of depression, and ends with a brief account of other animal models of anhedonia.     

拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎临床疗效分析

目的:观察拉米夫定治疗慢性乙型肝炎的临床疗效.方法:将142例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为治疗组及对照组,两组均使用保肝及对症综合治疗,治疗组同时给予拉米夫定片剂,100mg/d,疗程12个月.结果:治疗12个月后,治疗组中症状复发率为2.67%(2/75),显著低于对照组的29.88%(20/67),P＜0.01.治疗组ALT复常率为86.67%(65/75),显著高于对照组的67.16%(45/67),P＜0.01.HbeAg阴转率、HBeAg/抗HBeAg阳转率分别为28%(21/75)、24%(18/75),显著高于对照组的10.45%(7/67)、5.95%(4/67),P＜0.01.治疗3个月、12个月后,治疗组HBV-DNA阴转率分别为77.33%(58/75)、85.33%(64/75),显著高于对照组的8.96%(6/67)、16.42%(11/67),P＜0.01.治疗组及对照组不良反应发生率分别为4%(3/75)、5.9%(4/67),P＞0.05,无显著性差异.结论:拉米夫定可以明显改善慢性乙型肝炎患者的症状、ALT及乙肝病毒病原学指标.     

银杏叶提取物对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝窦微循环障碍的影响

目的:探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对慢性乙型肝炎患者肝窦微循环障碍的影响.方法:将47例慢性乙型肝炎患者分为EGb761治疗组26例及对照组21例,治疗前后分别进行肝组织活检术,肝组织行HE染色,并各取10例电镜观察治疗前后的肝窦微循环变化.结果:治疗后肝活检证实,与治疗前(炎症计分:15.7±6.3;纤维化计分:11.9±6.2)和对照组治疗后(炎症计分:14.24±6.6;纤维化计分:11.5±5.6)相比,EGb761治疗组肝组织损伤程度及纤维化程度明显改善(炎症计分:10.7±4.8;纤维化计分:8.3±4.2)(P＜0.05);与治疗前相比,EGb761治疗组电镜下肝窦内血细胞聚集或微血栓形成(32 vs 56,P＜0.01)、窦腔及Disse隙胶原沉积(23 vs 38,P0.05)、窦内皮损伤(41 vs 59,P＜0.05)、毛细血管化(17 vs 32,P＜0.05)等肝脏微循环障碍明显改善;而对照组治疗前后均无明显变化(P0.05).结论:银杏叶提取物能保护慢性乙肝患者肝窦内皮细胞,抑制肝窦内血细胞聚集及微血栓形成,抑制肝窦及Disse隙内胶原沉积及肝窦毛细血管化,改善肝脏微循环.     

Graft-versus-host Disease Confined Solely to Intestine after Allogeneic Peripheral Blood Stem Cells Transplantation in a Patient with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

We describe a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia who developing severe intestinal bleeding after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells transplantation (allo-PBSCT). PBSC were obtained from an HLA one-locus mismatch sibling donor. On day 26 after PBSCT, although there was no sign of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in either the skin or the liver, diarrhea and severe intestinal bleeding occurred. The histopathological examination of the colon revealed complete denudation of the epithelial cells of the mucosa and no obvious apoptosis. Neither red cell fragments nor hemorrhagic diathesis was seen during this episode and the patient was diagnosed as having GVHD. Methylpredonisolone followed by FK506 may be effective in controlling intestinal bleeding and was used in our patient. Acute GVHD involving only the intestine has rarely been described but when using HLA-mismatched PBSCs, acute GVHD may occur severely and atypically.     

Improvement of physical activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by pulmonary rehabilitation and pharmacological treatment

Physical activity (PA) is defined as bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles with energy expenditure beyond resting levels. PA is closely related to reduced morbidity and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Self-report questionnaires are often subject to recall bias, correlating poorly with objectively qualified PA, and do not provide an accurate estimate of free-living energy expenditure. PA may be objectively evaluated by newly developed tri-axial accelerometers by quantifying steps or body movements over a period of time. Low-intensity, home-based pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) using pedometer feedback improves PA. Improvement in physiological factors correlates with increased walking time in stable elderly COPD patients.This review focuses on the effects of PR and pharmacological treatment on PA in COPD patients. We selected 32 studies from our literature search evaluating the effects of PR and 11 studies examining the effects of pharmacological treatment on PA. Findings in both categories were inconsistent. Nineteen studies showed a positive effect with PR whereas 13 showed no effect. Eight studies showed a positive effect, while three revealed no effect from pharmacological intervention. As both interventions increase exercise capacity without a consistent effect on PA, counseling with behavioral changes may be necessary to achieve a significant and lasting increase in PA. Changing PA behavior in COPD patients requires an interdisciplinary approach involving specialists in respiratory medicine, rehabilitation, social, and behavioral sciences. Future research in this area is warranted to advance our knowledge in this area, specifically with regard to the interaction of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions.     

感染表型慢性阻塞性肺疾病

COPD是一种慢性炎症性病变,可累及大小气道、肺实质以及肺血管.引起COPD的危险因素众多,其中下呼吸道感染,尤其是细菌感染是导致COPD发生及急性加重的一个重要原因,以至有学者提出一个全新概念——感染表型COPD.本文拟对感染表型COPD概念提出背景及感染表型COPD的特征作一综述.     

High-intensity interval training for health benefits and care of cardiac diseases——The key to an efficient exercise protocol

Aerobic capacity, which is expressed as peak oxygen consumption(VO_(2peak)), is well-known to be an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular prognosis. This is true even for people with various coronary risk factors and cardiovascular diseases. Although exercise training is the best method to improve VO_(2peak), the guidelines of most academic societies recommend 150 or75 min of moderate-or vigorous-intensity physical activities, respectively, every week to gain health benefits. For general health and primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention, high-intensity interval training(HIIT) has been recognized as an efficient exercise protocol with short exercise sessions. Given the availability of the numerous HIIT protocols, which can be classified into aerobic HIIT and anaerobic HIIT [usually called sprint interval training(SIT)],professionals in health-related fields, including primary physicians and cardiologists, may find it confusing when trying to select an appropriate protocol for their patients. This review describes the classifications of aerobic HIIT and SIT, and their differences in terms of effects, target subjects, adaptability, working mechanisms, and safety. Understanding the HIIT protocols and adopting the correct type for each subject would lead to better improvements in VO_(2peak) with higher adherence and less risk.