Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on Teratogenicity of Cadmium in Mice

ABSTRACT Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of cadmium (Cd) and modulation of its effects by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were evaluated in mice. Pregnant ICR mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3.5 mg/kg of CdCl₂ on day 10 or 11 of gestation (vaginal plug = day 0). Pregnant mice were pretreated with 160 mg/kg of NAC intravenously 2 hours before dosing with CdCl₂. Pregnant mice were killed on day 17 of gestation. Fetuses were examined for external malformations, especially limb malformations, cleft palate and abnormal palatal rugae. There was little difference in body weight gain of dams during the gestation period in the groups treated with NAC plus Cd as compared with the groups treated with Cd alone. Pretreatment with 160 mg/kg of NAC decreased the fetal mortality, incidence of cleft palate and abnormal palatal rugae induced by Cd on day 11. On day 10, pretreatment with NAC decreased the incidence of Cd induced abnormal palatal rugae. These results clearly indicate that NAC exerts protective effects against embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of Cd.     

脑动静脉畸形血管重构的分子生物学机制

脑动静脉畸形存在活跃的血管重构,本文就其重构的分子生物学机制作一综述。     

Magnetic resonance imaging of the craniocervical junction

Magnetic resonance imaging has become the study of choice for the majority of abnormalities of the craniocervical junction as well as for demonstration of primary pathology of the spinal cord, and brain stem. Although the applications of MR are currently limited by its high cost, relatively long scan time, and low sensitivity to calcification, new pulse sequences, faster scan strategies, and lower cost MR scanner are changing this situation. MR contrast agents and the use of 3-D imaging techniques combined with gradient echoes promise to play a role in MR of the craniocervical junction in the near future.     

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in two infants with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome

We report on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in 2 male infants with the Smith-Lemli-Opitz (SLO or RSH) syndrome. Both infants had abnormal external genitalia. Basal and LHRH stimulated plasma gonadotropins were normal for age (1 month). Plasma testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were normal for age and sex. Some forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (17,20-desmolase deficiency, 17α-hydroxylase deficiency, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency) were ruled out by hormonal studies. The endocrinological findings indicate a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function and a normal adrenal steroid biosynthesis in these 2 patients. A partial androgen receptor defect causing the genital malformations seems possible in one patient. Whether 5α-reductase deficiency is the cause of the male pseudohermaphroditism in SLO syndrome remains the subject of future studies. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The pathology of encephalic arteriovenous malformations treated by prior embolotherapy

Summary A pathologic study was undertaken of seven encephalic arteriovenous malformations, including five resected from one to seven days after balloon embolization, one resected 10 days after embolization with polyvinyl alcohol foam (PVA), and a large mesencephalic AVM in a patient who died eight weeks after a series of embolization procedures with PVA and silicone spheres. AVM's resected 6–7 days following balloon embolization showed focal mural and adventitial inflammatory infiltrates and parenchymal (i.e. non-vascular) necrosis of a large portion of one AVM. The AVM examined 7 days post-balloon embolization showed an intraluminal thrombus containing refractile particles surrounded by foreign body giant cells (FBGC's). The AVM removed 10 days after PVA embolotherapy showed mural and perivascular necrosis with infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The single autopsy case showed FBGC's surrounding residual PVA, refractile particles deep within vascular walls, and marked mural thickening of AVM channel walls, changes that may represent a response to previous angionecrosis and inflammation at the time of embolization. These findings, the pathogenesis of which is discussed in detail, may help to explain some of the rare complications of iatrogenic embolotherapy with these materials, as well as providing evidence for the basis of their efficacy.Presented in part at the 63rd Annual meeting of the American Association of Neuropathologists, Seattle, Washington, June, 1987     

肩肱皮瓣修复颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形疗效分析

目的:探讨颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的有效外科治疗手段。方法:采用瘢痕广泛松解、双侧或单侧肩肱皮瓣转移,同时用全厚皮片移植修复供瓣区创面。结果:本组21例中,17例手术一次性完成,4例分两次完成。不但改善了患者的上肢功能,还可进一步改善患者颈部的活动度。结论:瘢痕广泛松解、双侧或单侧肩肱皮瓣转移,同时用全厚皮片移植修复供瓣区创面是颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形的有效外科治疗手段。     

可控性丝线留置术治疗体表难治性海绵状静脉畸形的实验及临床研究

目的研究可控性丝线的致栓效果及其治疗体表难治性海绵状静脉畸形的初步疗效。方法将丝线一端留置于不同管腔大小的静脉内,另一端挂于血管壁埋于皮下,实现其可控性,用经过不同处置的丝线,分别留置于兔耳缘静脉、股静脉,观察其引起血管栓塞的效果。选择致栓效果较好的丝线组,用于临床治疗难治性体表海绵状静脉畸形的患者。结果几种经不同处置的丝线,均能不同程度地起到闭塞血管的作用,对于管腔稍大,血流较快的静脉(兔股静脉),浸泡丝裂霉素并打结的丝线组,致栓效果最好;临床初步应用证实,可控性丝线治疗体表难治性静脉畸形,安全有效。结论可控性丝线静脉内留置术,是一种安全、有效、损伤小、操作简便的治疗体表难治性海绵状静脉畸形的新方法。     

Extended Lateral Supramalleolar Flap for Very Distal Foot Coverage: A Case With Arteriovenous Malformation

Arteriovenous malformation of the foot is very uncommon, and surgical closure after its treatment with embolization and total excision may be challenging for the foot surgeon, particularly in distally localized lesions. A popular method to cover these difficult wounds is free-tissue transfer, which is a highly demanding procedure. Alternatively, distally based regional flaps have been occasionally reported for clinical use in such distant foot defects. Herein, we present a 36-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation arising in the distal medial plantar and dorsal surfaces of the right foot. After surgical resection of the vascular lesion preceded by a misapplied embolization procedure, an extended lateral supramalleolar flap was successfully transferred to the defect area, covering it completely. Functional and aesthetic outcome was satisfactory after 6 months follow-up. Extended lateral supramalleolar flap is a useful and reliable choice for distal foot reconstructions.     

白消安诱导构建胎鼠肢体畸形模型的研究

目的用易获得的化学药物建立大鼠四肢畸形发生率稳定、畸形类型特异的动物模型。方法采用抗肿瘤类致畸药物白消安作为受试物,观察不同剂量和不同给药时间的胎仔畸形率、畸形类型及特征。结果在大鼠受孕第12天(GD12),一次经口给予白消安25mg/kg时,胎仔畸形类型主要为肢体畸形。肢体畸形率以活胎计为37.9%(33/87),以窝计为61.5%(8/13)。畸形类型常见于多指(趾)和缺指(趾),掌跖骨缺失和骨化不全发生率也较高。此外,还发生胫骨缺失和骨化不全,在观察大体形态时所见的短肢是由胫腓骨缺失和发育不全所致。四肢畸形的发生率和严重程度存在着不对称性,后肢较前肢出现率高,缺指(趾)畸形较其他畸形出现率高。结论成功建立大鼠肢体畸形动物模型,为进一步分析研究肢体发育畸形的分子机制和潜在原因奠定了基础。     

Pea术式治疗中高位肛门直肠畸形的并发症及对策

目的探讨Pena术式治疗中高位肛门直肠畸形的并发症及预防治疗措施。方法回顾性分析行Pena肛门成形术的58例中高位肛门直肠畸形患儿的临床资料及肛门排便功能情况、并发症，采用肛门功能临床评分标准进行评价。结果58例中优良者45例（83．3％），差者9例（偶有污粪6例，大便失禁1例，便秘2例），有并发症者8例（14．8％），其中直肠黏膜脱垂3例，粪便潴留2例，大便失禁1例，尿漏1例，直肠回缩1例。结论真正理解Pena的“无血、解剖式”手术技术的精髓，提高手术技巧和精细操作，加强术后康复训练是减少并发症的关键。