Contextual influences on chronic illness: A multi-level analysis in the twin cities of Ramallah and Al Bireh in the occupied Palestinian Territory

The features of the urban environment can support human health as well as harm it, but less is known about such influences in the context of middle eastern countries. The association between green space and the political classifications of the urban environment and the risk of chronic illness was investigated in a novel setting, the twin cities of Ramallah and Albireh in the occupied Palestinian territory. We used a generalised multi-level regression analysis to link the 2017 census data with Geographic Information System data. We modelled individuals at level one (n = 54693) and areas of residence at level two (n = 228), adjusting for individual demographic and socio-economic characteristics.The proportions of ‘mixed’ trees in residential areas had a significant inverse association with the risk of chronic illness. On the political dimension, only living in a refugee camp had a significant positive association with chronic illness; however, this was largely explained and rendered non-significant when green space variables were entered into the models. Our ability to differentiate between several types of green space was important, as findings demonstrated that not all types were associated with reduced risk of chronic illness. Our results from a middle eastern setting add to the largely Western existing evidence, that trees in urban settings are important and beneficial to human health. Researchers and policymakers should pay more attention to the health consequences of refugee camps but also the role of trees in benefiting individuals' health in such a disadvantaged context.     

Neighborhood social environments,healthy resources,and adult diabetes: Accounting for activity space exposures

This study broadens contextual environments to include adults’ activity spaces—inside and outside the residential neighborhood—to examine how contextual exposures shape type 2 diabetes risk. We use novel longitudinal data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, construct time-weighted exposure measures of adults’ social-structural and healthy resource environments, and execute random effects logistic models predicting the probability of being diabetic. Results indicate that residential and activity space exposures are independently associated with adult diabetes, and that residential and activity space healthy resources combine to influence diabetes risk in synergistic ways. Living in more socioeconomically advantaged neighborhoods reduces diabetes risk, particularly when spending time in activity spaces with greater access to recreational facilities. Moreover, healthier activity space environments may compensate for living in neighborhoods devoid of healthy food options to lessen diabetes risk. Adopting an activity space framework can inform multilevel interventions aimed at alleviating type 2 diabetes and other chronic ailments.     

Green mobility and obesity risk: A longitudinal analysis in California

Previous work reports an inverse association between neighborhood greenness and obesity. Limitations of this work, which relies largely on cross-sectional data, include that studies often lack control for unmeasured genetic and sociodemographic factors that may confound associations, and cannot disentangle temporal order between neighborhood greenness and obesity. We move beyond a cross-sectional approach and leverage a longitudinal sibling-linked dataset with health, residential, and demographic information on women with two births in California between 2007 and 2015 (N = 552,929). We used a sibling comparison design to control for unmeasured stable characteristics of women and tested whether a positive change in neighborhood greenness (i.e., “upward green mobility”) precedes a reduction in obesity risk. Models also adjusted for baseline obesity risk and time-varying individual- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors. As hypothesized, we find that upward green mobility varies inversely with the odds of obesity. Results indicate that small decreases in neighborhood greenness may also show protective associations with obesity risk. Our findings, if replicated, suggest that changing levels (particularly increases) of greenness in the residential environment may combat the rise of obesity.     

真空紫外辐照对加成型硅橡胶光学性能的影响

考察了加成型硅橡胶在真空环境中经1000ESH紫外辐照后的性能变化。结果表明,辐照后材料均出现发黄的现象,光学透过率大幅度 下降,同时加入硅酸钾包覆后制备的热控涂层反射率下降。经原位测试与离位测试,发现加成型硅橡胶在两种不同条件下测得的结果差异较小,而在有机硅橡胶中加入ZnO后原位与离位测试结果则差异明显,表现出明显的漂白作用。     

咽旁间隙肿瘤28例报告

目的为探讨咽旁间隙肿瘤的诊断与治疗.方法报告28例咽旁间隙肿瘤的临床资料.结果良性肿瘤24例,其中神经源性肿瘤10例,涎腺混合瘤9例,其它5例;恶性肿瘤4例.全部病例均行手术治疗.结论颈侧切开为一较好的手术径路.     

后路经椎间隙截骨的临床分型及应用

【摘要】 目的：介绍脊柱后路经椎间隙截骨术（trans-intervertebral space osteotomy,TIO）的技术理念、临床分型和应用策略。方法：根据TIO技术特点、手术操作过程中截骨切除范围所涉及的解剖结构,将其分为3大类型及2种扩大（+）型：围绕椎间盘及关节突关节为Ⅰ型,扩大至楔形切除椎间隙一侧终板为Ⅱ型（头尾双侧终板则为Ⅱ+型）。扩大至楔形切除椎间隙一侧椎弓根为Ⅲ型（双侧椎弓根则为Ⅲ+型）;收集2003年1月~2012年12月接受后路经椎间隙截骨术治疗的30例胸腰椎侧后凸畸形患者的临床资料,其中男12例,女18例,年龄29~69岁（51.4±10.4岁）。由5位脊柱外科医师先后对患者的临床资料进行独立评估与分型（间隔2周）,进行Kappa一致性检验以分析其可信度及可重复性。结果：30例患者中行Ⅰ型TIO 15例,Ⅱ型TIO 6例,Ⅱ+型TIO 3例,Ⅲ型TIO 4例,Ⅲ+型TIO 2例。观察者间一致性的Kappa系数0.806~0.953;观察者内一致性的Kappa系数为0.837~0.953,可信度及可重复性满意。结论：经椎间隙截骨临床分型实用可靠,可作为理论基础用于比较不同研究中经椎间隙截骨技术的手术效果,有利于指导脊柱侧后凸畸形的截骨矫形治疗。     

后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸

【摘要】 目的：评价经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙矫形治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形的安全性和早期临床效果。方法：2014年5月~2016年12月对我院15例青少年重度脊柱侧后凸患者行经后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙手术治疗,术前仅1例严重脊柱侧后凸患者行头盆环牵引。男6例,女9例,年龄13～18岁（16.1±1.6岁）。其中先天性脊柱侧后凸3例,特发性11例,神经纤维瘤病性1例。术前侧凸Cobb角82°～144°（102.5°±17.6°）,侧凸的柔韧性为6.4％～28.5％[（21.56±5.70）%];后凸50°～95°（68.1°±15.3°）,冠状位躯干偏移距离（C7中垂线与骶骨中垂线距离）2.0～6.8cm（3.40±1.37cm）。术前四肢肌力及感觉均正常。观察治疗效果。结果：椎板楔形截骨5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,松解椎间隙5.20±0.56个（4~6个）,手术时间6.1～7.9h（7.00±0.51h）,术中出血量1050～2500ml（1450.0±521.3ml）。术后侧凸Cobb角18°～40°（28.0°±6.6°）,矫正率72.5%;后凸22°～42°（27.8°±6.1°）,矫正率58.4%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0～2cm（0.85±0.74cm）,矫正率72.8%。随访25～41个月（33.1±5.4个月）。末次随访时侧凸Cobb角19°～43°（30.0°±6.9°）,矫正率70.6%;后凸22°～42°（28.6°±6.5°）,矫正率57.2%;冠状位躯干偏移距离0.2～2.3cm（1.10±0.72cm）,矫正率71.3%。无胸膜破裂,无假关节形成,无内固定断裂及松动,矫正度无显著丢失。1例患者术前骨盆牵引发生钉道感染,经局部换药及抗生素应用,2周后感染控制;1例术后第3天发生十二指肠系膜上动脉综合征,采取禁食水、持续胃肠减压、维持水电解质平衡、左侧卧位,术后2周痊愈;1例T4左侧椎弓根螺钉侵入椎管压迫神经,术后5h发生左下肢不完全性瘫痪,术后8h去除T4左侧椎弓根螺钉,术后5个月左下肢功能完全恢复。结论：采用后路凸侧椎板楔形截骨经肋椎关节松解胸椎间隙治疗青少年重度脊柱侧后凸畸形,不需要剥离椎体侧方胸膜,手术解剖层次表浅和创伤小,不仅有助于增加脊柱柔韧性,而且可提供足够的压缩和闭合空间来矫正脊柱侧后凸,能获得良好的脊柱三维矫正。     

Congenital Thumb-Index Web Space Deficiency

Background: There are several congenital hand differences that cause thumb-index (TI) web space deficiency. There is a knowledge gap in the literature about the hand differences that are associated with TI web space deficiency. We aimed to identify these congenital differences and the various specific reconstructive surgical procedures that are used for these conditions. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of children treated operatively over a period of 30 years for congenital TI web space deficiency by the senior author (G.M.R.). We gathered data on demographics and associated congenital hand differences and compiled a list of all surgical procedures performed for the web space and the ipsilateral upper extremity. Results: We included 71 patients (77 hands) with 12 congenital hand differences (62 developmental and 9 spastic). The total number of upper extremity operations, (ie), anesthetics performed for these patients was 186, averaging 2.6 settings and 7.5 procedures for each patient. Cutaneous reconstructive procedures included first dorsal metacarpal artery pedicle flaps (49 patients), 4-flap Z-plasties (15), and transposition flaps (13). In addition, 16 different thumb reconstructive procedures were necessary. Ten patients required revision of their TI web space procedures for recurrence. Conclusions: The prevalence of TI web space deficiency is underappreciated. These patients often have multiple musculoskeletal anomalies of the hand and upper extremity that should be ruled out and require surgical treatment to optimize hand function. Consideration should be given to performing more than one procedure in one setting when possible.     

新愿景下毒性测试方法的发展与变革

随着全球化学品产量增加, 人群暴露及健康风险加重, 对化学品毒性测试和安全性评价提出更高的要求。21世纪毒性测试愿景和策略的提出大力推动了毒性测试的变革。新时代毒性测试通过运用新模型、新方法和新策略, 结合交叉学科和高新技术优势, 得到了长足发展。提高化学物毒性测试效率的同时, 也实现了更全面、多层次、高质量的数据获取和毒性评价, 为毒作用模式、毒作用机制和毒性通路的探索提供有力支持。本期重点号围绕当前毒性测试替代新方法, 邀请多位学者对高内涵分析、3D细胞培养技术、Ex vivo试验、单细胞测序、斑马鱼实验方法进行介绍和阐述, 以期为推动我国化学物毒性测试评估实现跨越发展开拓崭新思路。     

2015—2019年扬州市食品中化学污染物及有害因素监测结果分析

目的 了解扬州市食品中化学污染物及有害因素的污染状况,确定风险因子的可能来源及分布,为食品安全防控工作提供数据依据。方法 依据每年扬州市《食品安全风险监测方案》,2015—2019年在扬州市辖区内采集食品样品,并进行相关化学污染物及有害因素的检测。结果 5年共检测23大类1 311份食品样品208个指标,样品合格率为97.79%;其中8类29份食品样品中13个指标超标,样品超标率为2.21%。不合格指标为蔬菜中农药残留和镉、茶叶和水果中农药残留、水产动物中总砷、藻类中铅、粉丝和油条中含铝添加剂、小麦制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、蜂蜜中甲硝唑。结论 扬州市食品中的化学污染情况总体较好,但部分食品中仍存在污染物超标现象,应引起相关部门的重视。