260株念珠菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

目的探讨引起医院感染常见酵母样真菌种类及其耐药性特点,为临床感染性疾病提供病原学诊断和合理使用抗真菌药物的依据. 方法采集2 680份住院患者标本分离培养,分离出酵母样真菌260株,采用科码嘉念珠菌显色培养基(CHRO-Magar)培养,API-20CAUX酵母样真菌鉴定试条进行鉴定;念珠菌药敏试条(ATB-Fungus)进行念珠菌药敏试验. 结果 260株酵母样真菌以念珠菌为主,其中白色念珠菌155株(59.6%),热带念珠菌51株(19.6%),克柔念珠菌27株(10.3%),光滑念珠菌11株(4.2%);白色念珠菌对两性霉素B(AMB)、5-氟胞嘧啶(5-FC)、制霉菌素(NYS)、酮康唑(KTC)、益康唑(ECO)、咪康唑(MTC)、氟康唑(FLC)的耐药率分别为9.0%、5.8%、10.3%、43.0%、40.9%、43.7%、9.0%;热带念珠菌分别为3.9%、9.8%、19.0%、 61.9%、57.1%、61.9%、21.4%;克柔念珠菌为14.8%、14.8%、14.8%、14.8%、25.0%、25.0%、16.6%;光滑念珠菌为0.0、0.0、36.6%、18.1%、36.6%、36.3%、66.6%. 结论目前引起我院患者真菌感染的念珠菌仍以白色念珠菌为主,其次是热带念珠菌及克柔念珠菌,这些念珠菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、制霉菌素较敏感,对酮康唑、益康唑、咪康唑产生了较强的耐药性.     

肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征

目的探讨肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌的分布及耐药特征. 方法通过对2000年1月～2001年12月肿瘤住院患者临床各类标本中分离的1 280株病原菌,并按美国国家临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)标准进行药敏试验. 结果肿瘤患者感染病原菌前5位依次为铜绿假单胞菌(21.5%)、大肠埃希菌(19.0%)、不动杆菌属(10.5%)、克雷伯菌属(10.2%)、肠杆菌属(10.1%);甲氧西林耐药株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的71.8%、80.6%,未发现万古霉素耐药株;大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率分别为34.6%和35.6%,产ESBLs菌株对抗菌药物的敏感性显著降低. 结论肿瘤患者临床常见病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,并有多重耐药,应加强细菌耐药性监测工作,合理使用抗生素,降低肿瘤患者医院感染的发生率.     

紫杉醇耐药的研究进展

紫杉醇是继阿霉素和顺铂之后，又一新的具有良好抗癌效果的药物，它使多种肿瘤治疗的有效率得到了大幅度的提升，具有极高的开发利用价值。目前，紫杉醇被用于治疗各种类型的肿瘤，包括膀胱癌、乳腺癌、食道癌、胃癌、肺癌、卵巢癌和前列腺癌，但由于它耐药的产生极大地限制了其临床疗效。本文将对其耐药机制及相应研究做一小结。     

Breakthrough invasive fungal disease in patients receiving posaconazole primary prophylaxis: a 4-year study

Posaconazole (PSC) is currently recommended as primary prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and in allogenic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) recipients with graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Studies focusing on breakthrough invasive fungal disease (IFD) upon PSC prophylaxis show disparate results. In order to evaluate the incidence of IFD in patients on PSC prophylaxis and identify IFD risk factors, we carried out a retrospective study of all consecutive patients on PP from January 2007 to December 2010 in our hospital. Breakthrough IFDs were identified from the database of the central pharmacy and the French administrative database (PMSI), registering final medical diagnoses of hospitalized patients. Medical data were reviewed to study proven or probable IFD, according to EORTC/MSG definition. PSC plasma concentrations (PPC) were also retrieved. Poisson models were used for statistical analysis. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients received PSC prophylaxis for a median duration of 1.4 months (range 0.2–17.9). Proven (n = 6) or probable (n = 3) IFDs were diagnosed in nine cases (3.2%). IFD incidence rate per 100 person-month was 1.65 (95% CI, 0.79–2.97). IFDs were candidaemia (Candida glabrata, n = 2), pulmonary invasive aspergillosis (n = 3), disseminated fusariosis (n = 2) and pulmonary mucormycosis (n = 2). Seven deaths were reported, directly related to IFD in three patients (33.3%). First dosage of PPC under 0.3 mg/L was the single significant risk factor for IFD (RR, 7.77; 95% CI, 1.30–46.5; p 0.025). Breakthrough IFD in patients receiving PSC prophylaxis is rare but associated with a poor outcome. Low PSC plasma concentrations are associated with an increased risk of IFD.     

Fulminant Cytomegalovirus Myocarditis in an Immunocompetent Host: Resolution with Oral Valganciclovir

We report a case of fulminant myocarditis after a primary cytomegalovirus infection, in a previously healthy 72-year-old woman. The infection underwent clinical and immunologic resolution consequent to treatment with oral valganciclovir. In an immunocompetent host, the primary cytomegalovirus infection is usually asymptomatic or manifests itself as a heterophile-negative mononucleosis-like syndrome. Cytomegalovirus myocarditis is uncommon in immunocompetent patients. After presenting our case, we review the literature on cytomegalovirus myocarditis in immunocompetent individuals.     

In vivo biocompatibility of the PLGA microparticles in parotid gland

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles are used in various disorders for the controlled or sustained release of drugs, with the management of salivary gland pathologies possible using this technology. There is no record of the response to such microparticles in the glandular parenchyma. The purpose of this study was to assess the morphological changes in the parotid gland when injected with a single dose of PLGA microparticles. We used 12 adult female Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) that were injected into their right parotid gland with sterile vehicle solution (G1, n=4), 0.5 mg PLGA microparticles (G2, n=4), and 0.75 mg PLGA microparticles (G3, n=4); the microparticles were dissolved in a sterile vehicle solution. The intercalar and striated ducts lumen, the thickness of the acini and the histology aspect in terms of the parenchyma organization, cell morphology of acini and duct system, the presence of polymeric residues, and inflammatory response were determined at 14 days post-injection. The administration of the compound in a single dose modified some of the morphometric parameters of parenchyma (intercalar duct lumen and thickness of the glandular acini) but did not induce tissue inflammatory response, despite the visible presence of polymer waste. This suggests that PLGA microparticles are biocompatible with the parotid tissue, making it possible to use intraglandular controlled drug administration.