Large capacity storage of integrated objects before change blindness

Normal people have a strikingly low ability to detect changes in a visual scene. This has been taken as evidence that the brain represents only a few objects at a time, namely those currently in the focus of attention. In the present study, subjects were asked to detect changes in the orientation of rectangular figures in a textured display across a 1600 ms gray interval. In the first experiment, change detection improved when the location of a possible change was cued during the interval. The cue remained effective during the entire interval, but after the interval, it was ineffective, suggesting that an initially large representation was overwritten by the post-change display. To control for an effect of light intensity during the interval on the decay of the representation, we compared performance with a gray or a white interval screen in a second experiment. We found no difference between these conditions. In the third experiment, attention was occasionally misdirected during the interval by first cueing the wrong figure, before cueing the correct figure. This did not compromise performance compared to a single cue, indicating that when an item is attentionally selected, the representation of yet unchosen items remains available. In the fourth experiment, the cue was shown to be effective when changes in figure size and orientation were randomly mixed. At the time the cue appeared, subjects could not know whether size or orientation would change, therefore these results suggest that the representation contains features in their 'bound' state. Together, these findings indicate that change blindness involves overwriting of a large capacity representation by the post-change display.     

医院工作季节变动测定与分析

目的观察季节变动对医院管理工作的作用。方法采用回顾分析本院2002-2006年门诊与住院的相关资料，统计每年、每季度、每月甚至数周内门诊与住院工作量的变化。结果门诊和住院工作量逐年增加；门诊高峰期为3、7、8、12月份，低谷期为1、2、6月份。结论通过对门诊和出院人数这两个医院统计的核心指标进行季节变动测定，从而论证季节分析法在医院管理中的实用价值。     

听觉分散对手外伤患者换药疼痛的影响

目的 探讨听觉分散对手外伤患者换药疼痛的影响.方法 采用信封抽取随机分组方法,将120例准备换药的手外伤患者分为试验组和对照组,每组60例,试验组换药时戴耳机听音乐,对照组换药时只戴耳机不听音乐,两组患者均由同一名操作者使用相同的换药方法,在安静、一致的环境中完成换药及3次换药前后的疼痛评分,比较两组换药的疼痛程度.结果 试验组换药后的疼痛评分明显低于换药前及对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 听觉分散可有效控制手外伤患者换药时的疼痛.     

2009-2013年某医院肺栓塞住院患者的变化趋势 及其危险因素构成比分析

摘要:目的　探讨肺栓塞住院患者的变化趋势及其危险因素的构成比情况。方法　收集2009年1月-2013年12月5年期间某院711例肺栓塞住院患者的病例,对其发病率、死亡率以及危险因素进行分析。结果　5年期间本院肺栓塞发病率从0.81‰上升至2.48‰,死亡率从17.02%下降至1.74%。构成比居肺栓塞前5位的主要危险因素依次为:年龄≥60岁286例（40.2%）、卧床＞5 d/长时间静坐236例（33.2%）、慢性静脉功能不全193例（27.1%）、心血管疾病159例（22.3%）、恶性肿瘤134例（18.8%）。结论　医院内肺栓塞发病率逐步上升,而死亡率显著下降。高龄、制动、慢性静脉功能不全、心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤已成为肺栓塞住院患者的主要危险因素,在临床工作中应高度重视。     

Spontaneous reports of most distressing concerns in patients with inoperable lung cancer: at present,in retrospect and in comparison with EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13

Patients with lung cancer experience considerable distress. Therefore, accurate methods for assessing distress and quality of life over time may play a key role for managing and evaluating palliative care. Alternatives to commonly used standardized questionnaires are individual measures. This study prospectively and retrospectively explored the concerns that 46 patients with inoperable lung cancer spontaneously reported as causing most distress close to diagnosis and 6 months later. Changes in content individually generated through a structured inductive freelisting were compared with EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 ratings. The results showed that patients perceived a wide variety of concerns as most distressing and that their concerns changed over time. Between 56 and 62% of these concerns were assessed by items included in the EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 questionnaires. Furthermore, patients’ reports of most distress from fatigue, pain and dyspnea were not always reflected in intensity ratings of comparable EORTC-QLQ-C30+LC13 items. These results indicate that items included in standardized measures are not always adequate to assess patients’ concerns, priorities and changes over time. In addition to standardized questionnaires, individualized measures may be useful in the clinical palliative setting for providing detailed information about the individual’s problems and prioritizations.     

维持性血液透析患者透析过程中血压变化的影响因素调查分析

目的分析维持性血液透析患者透析过程中血压变化的影响因素。方法选择在我院进行维持性血液透析的患者200例为调查对象,根据收缩压的变化情况分为升高组、不变组和下降组,单因素和多因素分析影响维持性透析后血压变化的相关因素。结果血红蛋白和透析间期体重增长率是影响维持性血液透析患者透析后血压降低的相关因素。接受ESA治疗、血清Alb、Hb、体重矫正脱水速率是维持性血液透析患者透析后血压升高的影响因素。结论接受ESA治疗、血清Alb、Hb、体重矫正脱水速率是影响维持性血液透析患者透析后血压升高的相关因素。     

Facilitators for practice change in Spanish community pharmacy

Objective To identify and prioritise facilitators for practice change in Spanish community pharmacy. Setting Spanish community pharmacies. Method Qualitative study. Thirty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists (n = 15) and pharmacy strategists (n = 18), and the results were examined using the content analysis method. In addition, two nominal groups (seven community pharmacists and seven strategists) were formed to identify and prioritise facilitators. Results of both techniques were then triangulated. Main outcome measures Facilitators for practice change. Results Twelve facilitators were identified and grouped into four domains (D1: Pharmacist; D2: Pharmacy as an organisation; D3: Pharmaceutical profession; D4: Miscellaneous). Facilitators identified in D1 include: the need for more clinical education at both pre- and post-graduate levels; the need for clearer and unequivocal messages from professional leaders about the future of the professional practice; and the need for a change in pharmacists’ attitudes. Facilitators in D2 are: the need to change the reimbursement system to accommodate cognitive service delivery as well as dispensing; and the need to change the front office of pharmacies. Facilitators identified in D3 are: the need for the Spanish National Professional Association to take a leadership role in the implementation of cognitive services; the need to reduce administrative workload; and the need for universities to reduce the gap between education and research. Other facilitators identified in this study include: the need to increase patients’ demand for cognitive services at pharmacies; the need to improve pharmacist-physician relationships; the need for support from health care authorities; and the need for improved marketing of cognitive services and their benefits to society, including physicians and health care authorities. Conclusion Twelve facilitators were identified. Strategists considered clinical education and pharmacists’ attitude as the most important, and remuneration of little importance. Community pharmacists, in contrast, considered remuneration as the most important facilitator for practice change.

Global burden attributable to high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019

Background and aimsHigh sodium intake is associated with a higher risk of a wide range of diseases. We aimed to estimate the pattern and trend of the global disease burden associated with high sodium intake from 1990 to 2019.Methods and resultsWe obtained numbers and rates of death and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) attributable to high sodium intake by sex, socio-demographic index, and country from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We calculated the estimated annual percentage change to evaluate the age-standardized rate (ASR) of the burden attributable to high sodium intake between 1990 and 2019. We further calculated the contribution of population growth, population aging, and age-specific rates of death and DALY to the net change in the total number of deaths and DALYs attributable to high sodium intake. From 1990 to 2019, global age-standardized rates of death and DALY attributable to high sodium intake substantially decreased for both sexes. However, there were significant increases in the total numbers of deaths and DALYs attributable to high sodium intake, which were driven by population growth and population aging. The attribution of population growth and population aging varied widely across countries, with a higher contribution of population growth in most developing countries and a higher contribution of population aging in countries with slow population growth.ConclusionsAlthough the global burden attributable to high sodium intake in terms of age-standardized rate declined from 1990 to 2019, the absolute burden increased significantly, which was driven by population growth and population aging.     

凝血功能指标在胃肠道出血早产儿诊断中的变化研究

目的 探讨凝血功能指标在胃肠道出血早产儿中的变化及其临床意义.方法 选取2013年1月至2014年1月期间出生的胃肠道出血早产儿60例,另选取30例同期健康早产儿和足月儿作为对照.统计分析所有新生儿活化部分凝血酶原时间（APTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白降解产物（FDP）、D-二聚体（D-D）以及纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平以及胃肠道出血早产儿出生后不同时间段凝血功能指标的变化.结果 胃肠道出血早产儿的血浆APTT、PT、FDP和D-D水平分别为（65.46±18.68）s、（16.54±8.29）s、（8.49±7.65）g/L和（1.07±0.46） mg/L,高于健康早产儿的（52.24±9.75）s、（12.78±7.46）s、（6.48±5.14） g/L和（0.69±0.28）mgm和健康足月儿的（42.73±8.69）s、（10.01 ±7.11）s、（5.87±4.21） g/L和（0.51±0.26） mg/L;而胃肠道出血早产儿的血浆FIB[（2.01±0.75） g/L]低于健康早产儿[（2.36±0.68） g/L]和健康足月儿[（2.49±0.71）g/L],差异有统计学意义（JP＜0.05）.胃肠道出血早产儿出生后60、90以及120 d的Am、PT、FDP和D-D水平均较出生时出现不同程度的下降,而血浆FIB则较出生时出现不同程度的上升,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 胃肠道出血早产儿存在明显功能障碍,患儿的高凝血因子状态可随着出生后机体的成熟和相应的治疗后缓解.胃肠道出血早产儿凝血功能改变与消化功能密切相关,可在一定程度上预测早产儿胃肠道出血的发生.     

新生儿深部真菌病免疫器官反应（25例分析）

本文报告了新生儿深部真菌病25例,毛霉菌感染12例,念珠菌10例,酵母样菌6例,曲菌2例,有5例重复感染。胸腺、脾、淋巴结、阑尾、扁桃体分三级萎缩,见胸腺严重萎缩,胸腺小体多囊性变、解体、钙化。其他器官不如胸腺严重。菌侵袭局部呈无反应、凝固坏死、中性粒细胞浸润、脓肿、蜂窝织炎、肉芽肿。