输尿管梗阻致肾包膜下积液8例报告

目的:探讨输尿管梗阻致肾包膜下积液的原因与处理办法。方法:报告8例此种患者的临床资料。8例患者均经影像学检查确诊;输尿管结石所致者5例,外来肿瘤压迫输尿管、良性疾病手术后输尿管受压和放疗所致输尿管梗阻者各1例。针对梗阻原因分别行输尿管逆行插管、碎石、手术探查及肾包膜下穿剌等治疗。结果:8例患者输尿管梗阻解除后肾包被膜下积液均消失,肾功能恢复正常。结论:肾包膜下积液大多由泌尿系结石致梗阻而引起,也可由输尿管附近病变压迫输尿管致管腔梗阻所致。影像学检查对本病的诊断具有重要作用,解除梗阻后肾功能常恢复良好。     

可吸收止血流体明胶预防术后脑脊液漏

目的:探索可吸收止血流体明胶预防术后脑脊液漏的有效性。方法:对2013年3月至9月有硬脊膜撕裂脑脊液漏的脊柱损伤17例患者进行回顾性分析,男16例,女1例;年龄16～67岁,平均(39.6±15.4)岁;颈椎1例,胸椎9例,胸腰段4例,腰椎3例;爆裂骨折4例,骨折脱位13例。神经损伤ASIA分级:A级12例,B级2例,D级2例,E级1例。车祸伤2例,高处坠落伤10例,重物砸伤4例,地震时从楼梯滚落1例。术中应用可吸收止血流体明胶封堵以预防术后脑脊液漏。记录术后每日的引流量。结果:17例患者有15例术后无脑脊液漏出现。2例术后出现脑脊液漏者引流管保留至术后第6～7天。术后未出现头痛、头晕、发热、颈项抵抗、皮疹、切口不愈合、切口感染、血肿、神经症状加重等并发症。随访9个月均未见到切口周围有异常现象。结论:术中应用可吸收止血流体明胶封堵硬脊膜撕裂预防术后脑脊液漏是有效的方法。     

Trauma and burns in children

Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in children, most often resulting from blunt trauma. An immediate co-ordinated and pathology-focussed resuscitation will contribute to improved morbidity and mortality outcomes. This article discusses the principles of the primary and secondary survey in injured children and outlines the management of children suffering from burns. A multi-professional approach to the treatment of critically injured children should be adopted; where the primary survey aims to identify and manage catastrophic haemorrhage followed by management of life-threatening injuries to airway, breathing and circulation. The secondary survey includes a detailed examination to identify and manage other subtle or less severe injuries. Attention to fluid therapy, analgesia, thermoregulation, blood coagulation and glucose homeostasis form important aspects of this secondary survey. Children injured in fires may have suffered from smoke inhalation or sustained burns to the upper airway, with rapid swelling of mucosal tissue, which can make immediate control of the airway very challenging. Both flame burns and scalds can cause significant fluid losses and are associated with a significant risk of mortality.     

Prediction of the response to photodynamic therapy in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy based on optical coherence tomography using deep learning

PurposeTo assess the prediction of the response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) based on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images using deep learning (DL).MethodsRetrospective study including 216 eyes of 175 patients with CSCR and persistent subretinal fluid (SRF) who underwent half-fluence PDT. SD-OCT macular examination was performed before (baseline) and 3 months after treatment. Patients were classified into groups by experts based on the response to PDT: Group 1, complete SRF resorption (n = 100); Group 2, partial SRF resorption (n = 66); and Group 3, absence of any SRF resorption (n = 50). This work proposes different computational approaches: 1st approach compares all groups; 2nd compares groups 1 vs. 2 and 3 together; 3rd compares groups 2 vs. 3.ResultsThe mean age was 55.6 ± 10.9 years and 70.3% were males. In the first approach, the algorithm showed a precision of up to 57% to detect the response to treatment in group 1 based on the initial scan, with a mean average accuracy of 0.529 ± 0.035. In the second model, the mean accuracy was higher (0.670 ± 0.046). In the third approach, the algorithm showed a precision of 0.74 ± 0.12 to detect the response to treatment in group 2 (partial SRF resolution) and 0.69 ± 0.15 in group 3 (absence of SRF resolution).ConclusionDespite the high clinical variability in the response of chronic CSCR to PDT, this DL algorithm offers an objective and promising tool to predict the response to PDT treatment in clinical practice.     

脑瘤患者脑脊液中游离氨基酸分析

采用高效液相色谱法测定脑瘤患者脑脊液中游离氨基酸。其中良性肿瘤20例,恶性肿瘤10例,正常5例,所测定的12种游离氨基酸在良、恶性肿瘤间均无差异。而脑肿瘤患者脑脊液中天门冬氨酸,色氨酸,缬氨酸,亮氨酸,赖氨酸的含量明显比正常组降低。对脑脊液中游离氨基酸浓度变化也进行了分析。     

Post-haemorrhagic subarachnoid fibrosis in dogs. Scanning electron microscopic observation and dye perfusion study

Summary Scanning electron microscopic observations of the subarachnoid space were made in dogs focussing upon the fibre components in both the normal subarachnoid space and in areas of post-haemorrhagic fibrosis. It was concluded that the fibrous tissue originates from the arachnoid membrane itself, while organized haematoma is considered to form a component of the fibrosis.Perfusion of the subarachnoid space of dogs with a solution of 0.1% Toluidine Blue was also done. This showed that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is carried from the subarachnoid space directly to the dural sinuses through a fine string-like structure, which is conceivably one of the collateral CSF absorptive pathways.     

用流化床干燥法改善颗粒酶的热稳定性

通过流化床干燥法制备稳定化颗粒酶，提高酶的耐热性。在制备过程中进风温度为40℃，酶活回收率达到90％以上。采用海藻酸钠（SA）作包被剂，随着SA质量浓度的提高，酶的耐干热性先增加后降低，在0.4g/dL最高，而其耐湿热性不断增强。水分活度提高，固态酶的耐热性就随之降低，在Aw≥0．3时流化床干燥酶样品的耐热性都明显高于原酶粉，且SA质量浓度越高，酶对水分的耐受能力越高。在流化床干燥酶制剂中添加硫酸铵、氯化钠、硫酸钠等盐类稳定剂，酶的耐干热性有的增强，有的减弱，而其耐湿热性都有所增强，其中硫酸铵的热稳定化效果最好。酶在高温下的失活速度遵循一级动力学，即它的失活是由酶蛋白变性引起的，流化床干燥样品的失活常数低于原酶粉的失活常数，而不同温度下酶的失活遵循阿累尼乌斯方程。     

膝骨关节炎患者关节滑液中骨桥蛋白和软骨寡聚基质蛋白水平与疾病严重程度相关性

目的:探讨膝骨关节炎（knee osteoarthritis,KOA）患者关节滑液中骨桥蛋白（osteopontin,OPN）和软骨寡聚基质蛋白（cartilage oligomeric matrix protein,COMP）水平与疾病严重程度的相关性。方法：选取2018年2月至2020年5月收治的59例KOA患者作为KOA组,其中男25例,女34例;年龄60~75（65.57±1.56）岁;体质量指数（body mass index,BMI）21.4~30.7（26.12±1.54） kg/m²。采用Kellgren-Lawrence（K-L）分级对X线结果进行评估,其中Ⅱ级（K-L2组）14例,Ⅲ级（K-L3组）27例,Ⅳ级（K-L4组）18例。另选取18例因韧带或半月板疾病进行关节镜检查且无软骨损伤患者作为对照组,男7例,女11例;年龄61~78（64.88±1.60）岁;BMI 22.8~29.9（25.89±1.49） kg/m²。治疗前采集研究对象关节滑液样本,采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测关节滑液OPN、COMP水平,比较KOA组与对照组关节滑液OPN、COMP水平。比较不同K-L分级KOA患者性别、年龄、BMI等临床资料,采用酶联免疫试验检测其关节滑液中白细胞介素-1β（interleukin -1β,IL-1β）,OPN,COMP,基质金属蛋白酶3（matrix metalloproteinase -3,MMP-3）水平,比较不同K-L分级KOA患者临床资料和生化指标,采用Logistic回归分析影响KOA患者K-L分级的因素,采用ROC曲线下面积（area under the curve,AUC）预测KOA疾病严重程度。结果：59例KOA患者获得随访,时间8~27（15.75±3.27）个月。KOA组关节滑液OPN、COMP水平高于对照组（P<0.001）。K-L2组、K-L3组、K-L4组IL-1β、OPN、COMP、MMP-3水平比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;与K-L2组比较,K-L3、K-L4关节滑液关节滑液IL-1β、OPN、COMP、MMP-3 水平均升高（P<0.05）;与K-L3组比较,K-L4关节滑IL-1β、OPN、COMP、MMP-3水平均升高（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示：关节滑液OPN、COMP、MMP-3水平是影响KOA患者K-L分级的独立危险因素（OR=6.653, 4.229,1.579,P<0.001）。关节滑液OPN预测K-L4级KOA的AUC为0.720[95%CI（0.588-0.851）],灵敏度为94.4%,特异度为65.9%;关节滑液COMP预测K-L4级KOA的AUC为0.731[95%CI（0.592-0.870）],灵敏度为88.9%,特异度为63.4%;关节滑液OPN联合COMP预测K-L4级KOA的AUC为0.839[95%CI（0.724-0.953）],灵敏度为94.4%,特异度为51.2%;OPN联合COMP预测K-L4级KOA的AUC大于单独OPN、COMP的AUC（Z=4.037,3.540,P<0.05）。结论：KOA患者关节滑液OPN、COMP水平升高,并随着K-L分级增加而升高。关节滑液OPN、COMP是影响KOA患者K-L分级的独立危险因素,二者预测K-L4级KOA 的AUC、灵敏度、特异度高,可用于评估KOA疾病进展。     

2005年至2007年中国CHINET脑脊液的分离菌及其耐药性

目的 了解2005年至2007年中国CHINET监测网脑脊液分离菌的分布及其耐药性.方法 对CHINET监测网2005年1月至2007年12月所有脑脊液标本按常规方法进行分离、培养、鉴定.按统一方案用Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法进行抗菌药物敏感试验.结果 2005年至2007年脑脊液标本获分离菌941株,其中革兰阳性菌588株.占62.5%;革兰阴性菌349株,占37.1%;真菌4株,占0.4%.革兰阳性菌所占比例由2005年的59.9%增至2007年的64.6%,革兰阴性菌所占比例由2005年的39.6%降至2007年的35.4%.最常见的分离菌依次分别为凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、不动杆菌属、肠球菌属、铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、肠杆菌属、肺炎链球菌、链球菌属和其他假单胞菌.葡萄球菌属和肠球菌属中未发现万古霉素耐药株,肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率为42.9%.肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类高度敏感,不动杆菌属和铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率为24.1%～29.3%.结论 2005年至2007年脑脊液分离菌中革兰阳性菌多于革兰阴性菌,脑脊液分离株对常用抗菌药物耐药明显.     

Sonography detection threshold for knee effusion

The aim of this study was to determine the threshold for detecting knee effusion by ultrasound (US). Five knee specimens from embalmed cadavers were studied. Intra-articular injection of saline, blood and synovial fluid was performed under ultrasound control and methylene blue dye instillation. The smallest amount of fluid detectable by US in the knee was 7.4 ml for synovial fluid, 10.1 and 10.4 ml for saline solution and 9.7 for blood. The threshold for detecting knee joint effusion by US in cadaver specimens was 10 ml for saline and blood and 7 ml for synovial fluid.Abbreviations US Ultrasound