Neurotransmitter markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal subjects effects of aging and other confounding factors

Summary We have investigated neurotransmitter-related markers of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a carefully screened series of normally aging subjects in standardized conditions in order to find out the influence of age and other confounding factors on CSF measures. The levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyglycol (MHPG) and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) also increased with age, while homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5 HIAA) and immunoreactivities of somatostatin (SLI), beta-endorphin (BLI) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were unrelated to age. The gender of subjects had no significant effect on the levels of neurotransmitter markers, while seasonal changes, as well as height and weight of the subjects seemed to cause some variations in the levels of HVA, dopamine--hydroxylase (DBH) and ACTH. The study underscores the importance of standardized conditions and matched patient groups in the CSF studies.     

Analysis of intracranial pressure

Methods for the acquisition and analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP) signals are reviewed from clinical and technical perspectives. The clinical importance of ICP monitoring is presented, and methods for ICP transduction are briefly discussed. These methods include intraventricular catheters, subarachnoid screws, epidural techniques, and the new fiberoptic ICP measurement systems. Approaches to the visual analysis of the ICP waveform are presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between the ICP waveform and the arterial blood pressure signal. Methods of computer-based ICP analysis are also reviewed, including histogram and systems analysis methods. Methods to predict ICP pressure rises and to estimate intracranial compliance are also discussed. Finally, ICP monitoring is reviewed from the point of view of patient outcome. It is concluded that advanced ICP waveform analysis methods warrant further clinical evaluation to demonstrate their clinical usefulness.     

Differentiation of normal pressure hydrocephalus and cerebral atrophy by computed tomography and spinal infusion test

Summary The diagnostic value of computed tomography (CT) and spinal infusion test (SIT) was investigated in 27 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) and 35 patients with cerebral atrophy. The most consistent CT finding of NPH was dilatation of the temporal horns, that of cerebral atrophy widening of the convexity sulci. However, 43% of patients with cerebral atrophy demonstrated no cortical atrophy. The SIT showed an excellent relation with isotope cisternography and continuous intracranial pressure recording. NPH and cerebral atrophy were correctly differentiated in 71% by CT and SIT. A normal SIT and a CT scan without the typical features of NPH exclude impairment of cerebrospinal fluid absorption. An abnormal SIT and a CT scan showing ventricular enlargement without dilatation of convexity sulci, require isotope cisternography and possibly intracranial pressure recording to determine the degree of the absorption deficit.

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Zusammenfassung Der diagnostische Wert von Computertomographie (CT) und Spinalen Infusions-Test (SIT) wurde bei 27 Patienten mit Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) und 35 Patienten mit zerebraler Atrophie untersucht. Der häufigste CT-Befund des NPH war Erweiterung der Temporalhörner und bei zerebraler Atrophie eine Erweiterung der Konvexitätssulci. Aber 43% der Patienten mit zerebraler Atrophie zeigte keine Rindenatrophie. Der SIT zeigte eine sehr gute Korrelation mit Isotopenzisternographie und kontinuierlicher intrakraniellen Druckmessung. NPH und zerebrale Atrophie wurden korrekt differenziert in 71% mittels CT und SIT. Ein normaler SIT und ein CT-Scan ohne die typischen Merkmale von NPH schließen Liquorrückresorptionsstörungen aus. Ein abnormer SIT und ein CT-Scan, der einen Hydrozephalus ohne Erweiterung der Konvexitätssulci zeigt, erfordern eine Isotopenzisternographie und eventuell intrakranielle Druckmessung zur Ermittlung des Grades der Liquorrückresorptionsstörung.

     

丹参液在体外对血小板活化的抑制作用研究

目的：探讨丹参液在体外对血小板活化的抑制作用。方法：用流式细胞仪三色分析测定丹参液在体外对血小板活化膜表面纤维蛋白原受体(FIB-R)和P-选择素(CD42P)的表达。结果：丹参液有保护血小板FIB-R和CD42P被活化，同时部份抑制ADP活化血小板。结论：丹参液是一种较强的抗血小板活化药物，在血栓性疾病的防治中有积极作用。     

两种过滤方法对输液中微粒的影响

目的 :比较超滤法和常规三级过滤法对输液中微粒的影响。方法 :用光阻法检查两种不同的过滤方法滤过的输液中微粒数。结果 :常规三级过滤法滤过的 4 7批次的输液平均微粒数为 6 .5 6个 /ml(>10 μm)和 0 .71个 /ml(>2 5 μm) ,超滤法滤过的 6 3批次的输液平均微粒数为 2 .2 9个 /ml(>10 μm)和 0 .2 8个 /ml(>2 5 μm) ,两种方法有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :超滤法明显优于常规三级过滤法。     

经迷路进路听神经瘤术后脑脊液漏的预防及处理

目的　探讨经迷路进路听神经瘤切除术后脑脊液漏发生的影响因素及处理方法。方法1999年以来采用迷路进路或扩大迷路进路听神经瘤切除术 85例 ,前 4 1例采用传统关闭术腔技术 ,后4 4例对关闭技术进行改良 ,分析其脑脊液漏的发生率。发生脑脊液漏者行保守或手术治疗。结果传统关闭技术组中脑脊液漏的发生率为 19 5 % ( 8 4 1) ,改良关闭技术组中脑脊液漏的发生率为 2 3%( 1 4 4 ) ,两组差异有显著性意义 (P =0 0 13)。传统关闭技术组中脑脊液漏多数发生在大型听神经瘤中 ,其发生率随肿瘤增大有上升的趋势。 9例脑脊液漏的患者中 ,3例经保守治疗 ;6例经手术修补成功 ,其中 5例 1次修补成功。结论　改良关闭术腔技术可显著降低经迷路进路听神经瘤切除术后脑脊液漏的发生率 ,手术修补为终止脑脊液漏的有效措施     

带蒂骨膜瓣修补外伤性脑脊液鼻漏

目的：探讨一种有效的外伤性脑脊液鼻漏修补方法。方法：分析本科收治的6例经颅修补的脑脊液鼻漏，采用带蒂骨膜瓣翻转缝合及EC胶严密封闭漏口。结果：无手术死亡，术后脑脊液漏均停止。通过4个月-2年随访，仅有1例术后3个月轻微复发，保守治疗自愈。结论：该方法取材方便，抗感染能力强，一次手术成功率高。尤其适应于额窦后壁、筛窦顶部骨折或缺损所致的脑脊液鼻漏。     

Estimation of the amniotic fluid volume using the Cavalieri method on ultrasound images.

OBJECTIVES: Presently, a design-based and practical method for measuring amniotic fluid volume (AFV) for routine clinical examinations has not been proposed. In this study we describe a new method, which combines the Cavalieri method with ultrasound imaging to estimate AFV. METHODS: We measured the AFVs of 14 women in the third trimester of pregnancy, and repeated our measurements three times for each woman. Parallel planimetric ultrasonographic images were obtained at every 2 cm along the longitudinal uterine axis. AFVs were calculated as the total of the multiples of the estimated cut surface areas by the section thickness. RESULTS: The mean estimated AFV was 380.5 cm3. The coefficient of error of each measurement was calculated and the mean was 0.108. The coefficient of correlation between the amniotic fluid index and our AFV estimations was 0.87. CONCLUSIONS: Design-based and efficient estimation of AFV is possible with the combination of consecutive ultrasound images and the Cavalieri method.     

超临界CO_2流体萃取榧树假种皮挥发油化学成分的研究

目的:研究超临界CO_2流体萃取榧树假种皮挥发油并分析挥发油组成。方法:采用超临界CO_2流体萃取技术提取其精油部分,经二级解析分离出精油Ⅰ和Ⅱ,并用气相色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术进行分离和鉴定。结果:挥发油的最佳萃取条件为压力32mPa、温度40℃、时间1h。榧树假种皮挥发油含量为5.83％,挥发油由柠檬烯等48个化学成分组成。结论:超临界CO_2流体萃取榧树假种皮挥发油具有提取时间短、提取完全等优点。     

pH and bicarbonate in the ductuli efferentes testis of the rat

The pH and bicarbonate concentrations of luminal fluids in the efferent ducts of the rat were estimated from pH measurements of samples in vitro under conditions of controlled temperature and carbon dioxide tension. The pH of scrotal blood was estimated to be more acidic than systemic blood (mean pH=7.44) at either of the putative scrotal carbon dioxide tensions (5% and 7%, pH, respectively,=7.42 and 7.28). For PCO2 tensions of 5% and 7%, respectively, the data indicated that the pH in the efferent ducts was significantly higher (distal initial zone pH=7.55 or 7.41; coni vasculosi pH=7.66 or 7.51; p < 0.01) than in fluid entering (rete testis fluid, pH=7.34 or 7.20) or leaving the ducts (zone 1a of the epididymal duct 7.26 or 7.11). Bicarbonate concentrations were also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the efferent ducts (35.4 +/- 4.7 mM, distal initial zone; 45.2 +/- 7.6 mM, coni vasculosi) than in fluids entering (22.9 +/- 3.6 mM) or leaving (20.4 +/- 4.9 mM) the ducts. Estimates of the reabsorption of bicarbonate and fluid indicated that 96% of the testicular output of bicarbonate was reabsorbed in the efferent ducts, but there was also some secretion of bicarbonate into the ducts. It is concluded that luminal pH and bicarbonate levels in the efferent ducts of the rat are high relative to those found in the epididymis where low pH and bicarbonate contributes to sperm quiescence during storage. Nevertheless, the high rate of bicarbonate reabsorption in the efferent ducts is a major contributor to the establishment of the low pH and bicarbonate milieu of the epididymis.