颈动脉狭窄血管内支架植入和内膜切除术治疗的临床选择

目的 探讨在不同条件下如何合理选择颈动脉狭窄的治疗方式.方法 回顾性分析经颈动脉血管内支架植入术(CAS)和颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)治疗的133例颈动脉狭窄患者的临床资料.其中46例患者行CAS,87例行CEA.观察两组患者的住院天数和治疗前后的美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分量表(NIHSS)评分、前向血流,治疗前和治疗后1-24个月狭窄处收缩期血流速度峰值及狭窄程度,以及治疗后死亡、脑卒中或心肌梗死等终点事件的发生率.结果 两组住院天数和治疗后NIHSS评分>20层次时差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前后的前向血流评定差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);多普勒频谱测定两组治疗前后颈动脉狭窄程度有显著性差异(P<0.05);两组治疗后30 d内,终点事件的累计发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);31 d～2年终点事件的累计发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);6个月后再狭窄发生率CAS组高于CEA组.结论 CAS和CEA对颈动脉狭窄的效果无显著差异,狭窄的部位、原因及对侧病变是选择CAS和CEA的重要因素.     

Identifying patients at risk for intracranial and extracranial blunt carotid injuries

BACKGROUND: Blunt carotid injuries are rare, often occult, and potentially devastating. Angiographic screening programs have detected this injury in up to 1% of blunt trauma patients. Implementing a liberal angiographic screening program at our hospital is impractical and we want to identify a high-risk group to target for screening. We hypothesize that intracranial and extracranial carotid injuries have different risks, presentations, and outcomes. METHODS: Patients with intracranial and extracranial carotid injuries were identified from the British Columbia trauma registry. Presentation and outcome were reviewed. To facilitate statistical modeling the analysis was done by matching cases to 5 randomly selected controls. Risk factors for injury were evaluated by univariate and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 35 carotid injuries were identified. Thirteen intracranial injuries were identified in 10 patients. Twenty-two extracranial injuries were identified in 18 patients. Sixty-seven percent of patients with intracranial injuries and 31% of those with extracranial injuries died (P = 0.11). Eleven percent of intracranial injuries and 56% of extracranial injuries were occult (P = 0.04). Glasgow outcome scores were 2.04 intracranial and 3.12 extracranial (P = 0.18). For intracranial injuries the multiple variable predictive model had two predictors: Glasgow Coma Score or =3). CONCLUSIONS: Intracranial injuries were frequently detected on initial investigations and have very poor outcomes. Extracranial injuries were more frequently occult and stand to benefit from early detection by screening programs. As independent risk factors for these two injuries differ, limited screening resources should focus on risk factors for occult extracranial injury: namely, low GCS and significant thoracic injury.     

应用自膨式支架置入治疗颈动脉狭窄

目的　探索颈动脉狭窄的治疗方法。　方法　应用 14枚自膨式支架血管内置入治疗 9例有症状颈动脉狭窄患者的 10处病变 ,狭窄程度 70 % -95 %。　结果　治疗后短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA)消失 ,残余狭窄均 <5 0 %。无症状脑梗塞 1例。无死亡。　结论　应用自膨式支架血管内置入是治疗颈动脉狭窄是一种安全有效的方法     

应用脑保护装置实施颈动脉支架成形术的临床经验

目的探讨脑保护装置在颈动脉支架成形术中的价值。方法自2000年10月至2006年8月对65例颈动脉狭窄患者实施了颈动脉支架成形术。共植入支架75个,其中颈内动脉支架68个,颈总动脉支架2个,同时植入锁骨下动脉支架2个,椎动脉支架3个,4例术前安装了临时起搏器。结果65例中2例脑保护装置置放失败,63例成功。63例脑保护装置中26例可见斑块碎片,1例术中出现一过性脑缺血,1例同时置入椎动脉支架后发生椎动脉血栓形成;9例术中出现一过性低血压、心动过缓,4例术前安装临时起搏器者未发生术中低血压。5例出现术后低血压,1例术后原有神经系统症状加重。1例双颈动脉支架成形术后出现高血压。结论颈动脉支架成形术是治疗颈动脉狭窄的有效手段,在有脑保护装置的条件下,正规熟练的操作和严格的预防措施能有效提高安全性,减少并发症。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗C2椎体转移性肿瘤

目的探讨经皮C2椎体成形术的方法和效果。方法1例49岁的男性肺癌患者和1例45岁的女性乳腺癌患者,出现C2椎体转移,均有明显的颈部疼痛,女性患者因疼痛已不能下床行走1个月。采取在CT引导下,用13G骨穿针,由颈椎侧方经椎动脉与颈动脉鞘之间的间隙穿刺到C2椎体内,分别注入骨水泥(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,PMMA)3 ml和3.5 ml。结果术后CT扫描显示骨水泥在椎体内填充分布好,无骨水泥外漏。术后两例的疼痛均有不同程度缓解,1周后疼痛完全消失,女性患者能下地自由行走。男性患者半年后死于多个器官转移引起的全身衰竭。女性患者术后配合放化疗,随访至今1年多,无任何不适。结论在CT引导下,采取颈椎侧方入路,经椎动脉与颈动脉鞘之间的间隙,行经皮椎体成形术是一种安全、有效治疗C2椎体转移性肿瘤的方法。     

Stroke From Carotid Endarterectomy: When and How to Reduce Perioperative Stroke Rate?

OBJECTIVES: To analyse four years of CEA with respect to the underlying mechanisms of perioperative stroke and the role of intraoperative monitoring in the prevention of stroke. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1996 through December 1999, 599 CEAs were performed in 404 men and 195 women (mean age: 65 years, range: 39-88). All operations were performed under general anaesthesia using computerised electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial Doppler (TCD). Any new or any extension of an existing focal cerebral deficit, as well as stroke-related death were registered. Perioperative strokes were classified by time of onset (intraoperative or postoperative), outcome (minor or major stroke), and side (ipsilateral or contralateral). Stroke aetiology was assessed intraoperatively by means of EEG, TCD, completion arteriography or immediate re-exploration, and postoperatively by duplex sonography, computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head. RESULTS: Perioperative stroke or death occurred in 20 (3.3%) patients. In four operations stroke was apparent immediately after surgery. Mechanisms of these strokes were ipsilateral carotid artery occlusion (1) and embolisation (3). In 16 patients stroke developed after a symptom-free interval (2-72 h, mean 18 h) due to occlusion of the internal carotid artery on the side of surgery (9). Other mechanisms were: contralateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery (1), postoperative hyperperfusion syndrome (1), intracerebral haemorrhage (1), and contralateral ischaemia due to prolonged clamping (1). In three procedures the cause was unknown. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience most strokes from CEA developed after a symptom-free interval and mainly due to thromboembolism of the operated artery. We suggest the introduction of additional TCD monitoring during the immediate postoperative phase.     

70例颈动脉体瘤的外科诊治分析

目的 总结颈动脉体瘤外科诊断、治疗的经验和体会.方法 回顾性分析1986年5月至2008年5月22年22收治的70例颈动脉体瘤患者的诊断方法、手术方式及并发症情况. 结果 采用CT血管造影、磁共振血管造影明确诊断;63例患者(共72个瘤体)成功行外科手术切除,无手术死亡病例,术后偏瘫2例;暂时性脑神经损伤17例,永久性脑神经损伤4例.随访62例,随访率88.6%,失访8例,随访时间6个月至5年,平均(3.8±1.1)年.手术患者随访期间无死亡,2例术后局部复发,3例发生远处转移而未能手术切除的恶性颈动脉体瘤患者死亡. 结论 CT血管造影、磁共振血管造影检查是颈动脉体瘤明确诊断及术前评估的有效手段,根据肿瘤与颈动脉的关系选择适宜术式,术中充分暴露、控制出血、保护神经及维持脑供血是预防和降低手术并发症的关键.     

近端血流阻塞式脑保护装置下颈动脉支架成形术的临床研究

目的 研究近端血流阻塞式脑保护装置MO.MA系统在颈动脉支架成形术中预防脑血管栓塞的疗效,并评价其安全性及可操作性.方法 2007年10月至2008年7月,23例符合外科治疗指征的颈动脉硬化狭窄患者入选本研究,其中19例(82.6%)患者有神经系统症状.全脑血管造影后在脑保护装置MO.MA系统下行颈动脉球囊扩张及支架成形术,计算术中脑缺血时间,观察术中及术后30 d神经系统事件的发生情况.结果 颈动脉造影示,6例(26.1%)颈动脉狭窄50%～70%,17例(73.9%)颈动脉狭窄>70%.所有病例在MO.MA系统保护下颈动脉球囊扩张及支架植入均顺利进行,颈动脉平均阻断时间(5.3±1.2)min.术中及围手术期无死亡及脑卒中发生;2例在颈总动脉球囊阻断时出现短暂意识丧失伴对侧肢体短暂抽搐;2例术后出现心动过缓和低血压,持续时间分别为6 h及1周.9例患者术中颈动脉抽血中可见细小斑块碎片.术后30 d随访有1例TIA发作,1例对侧新发脑卒中,术后30 d累积脑卒中发生率及病死率为4.3%.结论 应用近端血流阻断式脑保护装置MO.MA系统在颈动脉支架成形术中预防神经系统事件发生是安全有效的,尤其适合重度及不稳定性斑块的颈动脉硬化狭窄支架成形术治疗.     

维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素与动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素水平与动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法将30例维持性血液透析患者设为透析组,10名相匹配的健康体检者设为对照组,测定血清脂联素水平,同时测定相应的生化指标及颈总动脉内膜中层厚度,并根据颈动脉内膜厚度,将维持性血液透析患者分为颈动脉正常组和颈动脉硬化组。结果维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素水平明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）,与颈动脉内膜中层厚度呈显著负相关（r=－0．378,P〈0．05）;而颈动脉硬化组血清脂联素水平低于颈动脉正常组（P〈0．05）。结论维持性血液透析患者血清脂联素明显高于正常人,其浓度与动脉硬化程度呈负相关,对其更深一步的研究有助于对维持性血液透析患者动脉硬化的发生提供更好、更敏感的检测方法。