周围型肺癌与肺结核空洞的CT鉴别诊断

目的:研究周围型肺癌空洞与肺结核空洞的CT表现,提高其鉴别诊断水平.材料和方法:回顾性分析周围型肺癌空洞46例和肺结核空洞32例的CT表现.结果:癌性空洞一般为厚壁,内缘凹凸不平,有壁结节,分叶及胸膜凹陷征多见;而肺结核空洞以薄壁相对多见,周围常有卫星灶.厚壁空洞出现壁结节伴有胸膜凹陷征高度提示肺癌,而薄壁空洞,洞壁厚薄较均匀,周围伴有卫星灶者以肺结核最常见.结论:CT可清楚地显示空洞壁的状况及病灶本身的特点,是肺部空洞鉴别诊断的最佳影像学检查方法.     

动态脑电图与视频脑电图对癫癎诊断的对照研究

目的:观察24小时动态脑电图与视频脑电图对癫发作类型鉴别的价值。方法:242例患者进行24小时视频脑电监测,陪同家属做记录。结果由两名医师判定,一人关闭视频进行分析作为动态脑电组。一人打开视频分析作为视频脑电组。结果:242例患者中63例临床发作伴癫样放电,视频脑电监测后符合例数53例(84%),动态脑电监测后符合例数39例(61·9%),有显著性差异。结论:视频脑电监测与动态脑电图对癫发作类型的鉴别有显著的差异,视频脑电图更准确。     

16层螺旋CT及其三维重建与多平面重组在胫骨平台骨折诊断中的应用

目的探讨16层螺旋CT(16层SCT)及其三维重建(3-D)与多平面重组(MPR)在胫骨平台骨折诊断中的应用价值。方法39例胫骨平台骨折病例经膝关节常规X线平片检查后，采用16层SCT进行膝关节的多层面螺旋CT扫描，在工作站上作3D及MPR影像后处理，就胫骨平台骨折的平片与16层SCT影像进行比较及综合分析。结果39例胫骨平台骨折中，X线平片漏诊1例髁间隆突骨折、1例内髁骨折及1例双髁骨折，此3例(7．69％)平片漏诊的骨折均为16层SCT予以诊断。16层SCT的3-D影像可清晰显示胫骨平台骨折的立体形态；MPR影像则可明确显示胫骨平台内部的骨质损伤情况如骨折的具体部位、关节面碎裂及塌陷程度、骨折移位距离。结论16层SCT能够显示X线平片难于诊断的胫骨平台隐匿性骨折；3-D及MPR成像技术十分有利于全面观察胫骨平台骨折的形态变化，是16层SCT横轴位扫描的重要补充。     

侧隐窝、椎间孔狭窄的CT征象

本文仅报道腰 4～ 5、腰 5骶 1两个椎间盘间隙的侧隐窝、椎间孔 (即神经根管 )正常结构与异常结构改变的ＣＴ扫描影像特征 ,为临床诊断及治疗提供了有价值的参考。隐窝、椎间孔正好在相邻两个椎体间盘同一水平。腰神经根起始部于侧隐窝。正常解剖结构 ,其横切面构成一个近“等边三角形”。侧隐窝及神经根通道有足够空间 ,神经根一般不会受挤压或刺激。但一旦侧隐窝空间缩小 ,神经根管狭窄 ,就会出现不同程度坐骨神经痛症状。通过ＣＴ扫描影像所示 ,结合手术所见有如下诸因素可致侧隐窝及神经根管狭窄。1　先天或后天性椎管骨性畸形。如“三…     

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children: correlation of musculoskeletal manifestations and immunophenotypes

Purpose Studies on musculoskeletal manifestations (MSM) of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have yielded variable findings with regard to their clinical impact. We investigated the significance for differential diagnosis, treatment and outcome of musculoskeletal complaints as presenting symptoms of ALL, and their correlation with leukemia immunophenotypes, for which data is lacking. Methods Data on 783 children in the national study for childhood ALL between 1984 and 2003 were reviewed retrospectively. Statistical analysis examined possible relationships between MSM at the time of diagnosis and demographic and clinical data, biological features of leukemia (peripheral blood counts, immunophenotype and main cytogenetic aberration), response to initial prednisone treatment, and outcome. Results Of 765 children with data on orthopaedic complaints, 240 presented with MSM (31.4%). Among these children, B cell precursor (BCP) was much more common (209/576, 36.3%) than T cell ALL (25/176, 14.2%). Patients with MSM had lower white blood cell counts (WBC) (median of 9 vs. 20 × 10⁹/L, P < 0.001) and percentage of blast cells in the peripheral blood at diagnosis compared to those without (median of 27 vs. 53%, P < 0.001). Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were less common in MSM group (67 vs. 53% <3 cm, P < 0.001, and 63 vs. 50% <3 cm, P < 0.001, respectively). Poor response to initial treatment with prednisone was recorded in 7.1% of patients with MSM versus 11.5% of those without (P = 0.086). The analysis revealed no independent effect of MSM on event-free survival (EFS), after correcting for differences in EFS related to immunophenotype or initial WBC. Conclusions MSM occur mostly in children with BCP ALL who present with less involvement of extramedullary organs, low peripheral blood blasts and white blood cells counts. These findings highlight the importance of including ALL in the differential diagnosis of MSM even in the presence of an apparently normal peripheral blood count. Our study also suggests that MSM are caused by leukemic cells with enhanced biological propensity to remain relatively confined within the intramedullary bone-marrow space.     

Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: obstacles to early diagnosis and future directions

Aim: This article reviews research centred around juvenile bipolar disorder with particular reference to diagnostic difficulties. Putative deficits are scrutinized with respect to trait likelihood and the roles of neuropsychology and neuroimaging in enhancing our understanding of juvenile bipolar disorder are discussed. Methods: Search terms including childhood, adolescent, youth and juvenile combined with the terms ‘bipolar disorder’, mania, depression and hypomania were used to identify relevant studies in MEDLINE and PsychLit. Results: Over recent years research into this relatively new disorder has increased phenomenally. Key issues within the field include diagnostic specificity, the heritability of the disorder, the impact of comorbidity and the implications of neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Conclusion: Despite concerning controversies in literature the diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents as compared with adults, promising future research directions include better neurological characterization of the disorder through the application of findings from clinical populations, neuropsychological and neuroimaging research.     

螺旋CT和MRI诊断肝内胆管细胞癌的价值

目的:探讨螺旋CT和MRI诊断肝内胆管细胞癌的价值。材料和方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的18例肝内胆管细胞癌CT平扫和三期增强扫描,9例MRI平扫和动态增强扫描。结果:CT平扫13个病灶呈低密度,2个病灶呈高密度,4个病灶未能显示,病变检出敏感性为78.9%;CT增强扫描动脉期10个病灶表现呈周边薄环状增强,3个病灶呈高密度,4个病灶无增强呈等密度,2个病灶未能检出,病变检出敏感性为89.4%:门脉期11个病灶呈厚环状增强,4个病灶呈等密度,3个病灶均匀增强,呈高密度,1个肿块未见显示,病变检出敏感性为94.7%;延迟期7个病灶呈不定形轻度增强,呈低密度,4个病灶呈等密度,8个病灶明显增强,呈高密度,病变敏感性为100%。9个病灶MR平扫T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高或略高信号,病变检出敏感性为100%动态增强扫描6个病灶表现为缓慢增强型:3个病灶表现为快速增强型:病变检出敏感性为100%。结论:肝内胆管细胞癌螺旋CT三期增强扫描及MR动态增强扫描均具有一定的特异性,对于肝内与其它常见病变的鉴别诊断均有重要价值。