木犀草素对稳定期COPD患者血清炎症细胞因子及肺功能的影响评价

目的：探讨木犀草素对稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者的血清炎症细胞因子以及肺功能的影响,分析木犀草素对COPD的防治作用。方法：将2013年10月～2014年10月在本院进行治疗的50例稳定期COPD患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各25例。其中观察组运用木犀草素进行治疗,对照组运用常规药物治疗,根据酶联免疫吸附法对两组患者的血清炎症细胞因子水平进行测定,运用MRC呼吸困难评分对肺功能进行测定,比较观察组与对照组的治疗效果。结果：观察组的25例患者运用木犀草素进行治疗血清炎症细胞因子水平有了明显的下降,肺功能FEV1（pred%）、FEV1/FVC、MVV、PEF指标有了明显的改善,与对照组相比差异显著,具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：木犀草素对于稳定期COPD治疗效果显著,对患者体内的血清炎症细胞因子能够做到较好的控制,同时对肺部功能的恢复有较好的临床价值。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸衰竭有创机械通气治疗研究

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者呼吸衰竭有创机械通气治疗策略,提高抢救成功率。方法选择2010年1月-2014年2月机械通气治疗COPD发生呼吸衰竭患者110例,对其进行气管插管、有创机械通气等治疗,分析机械通气治疗结果,并及时判定COPD呼吸衰竭急性加重病因,预防医院感染,数据采用SPSS17.0统计软件处理。结果 110例患者中成功脱机、拔管、康复出院106例,治疗成功率为96.36%;上机时间为(7.2±2.2)d;脱机成功者机械通气前后72h血气有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);13例经序贯通气(有创通气转无创通气)达到康复,直接脱机93例与无创通气辅助13例脱机前各种临床指标:急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ)、N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)、浅快呼吸指数(RSBI)比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);呼吸、心率、机械通气时间比较差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)发生呼吸衰竭患者采取恰当机械通气策略,能提高临床抢救成功率。     

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and its Non-Smoking Risk Factors in India

The rising prevalence of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is generally attributed to smoking, since the role of other risk factors among non-smokers are not well established especially in low and middle income countries like India. This is also reflected by the limited literature available on non-smoking related COPD risk factors like indoor and outdoor air pollution. The present review is an attempt to assess the influence of non-smoking risk factors on COPD and its measures in Indian subcontinent. The most noteworthy factors among non-smokers appear to be the use of biomass fuel for cooking and heating purposes. We observed that the studies undertaken to evaluate the role of such risk factors are inconclusive due to weak methodologies and small sample sizes, may be due to limited financial resources. The present review suggests the need of a nationally representative study to estimate the effect of each of the potential modifiable risk factor (other than smoking) for framing impactful public health policies to prevent and manage COPD at community and population level in India.     

Study Design and Interim Outcomes of Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease COPD Biobank

Background: GIRD COPD Biobank is a multicenter observational study blood-based database with local characteristics, in order to investigate the causes, risk factors, pathogenesis, prevalence patterns and trends of COPD and promote new pathogenic insights in China.

Methods: We enrolled 855 clinically COPD patients and 660 controls with normal lung function. Extensive data collection has been undertaken with questionnaires, clinical measurements, and collection and storage of blood specimens, following Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). All surveys had similar quality controls, supervisions, and training of the investigator team.

Results: Since September 2010, a total of 1515 subjects (1116 [73.7%] males; 855 [56.4%] diagnosed with COPD) were enrolled. Analyses of the design and interim results of the GIRD COPD Biobank Study identified patients with COPD were older, lower educational level, a longer history of pack-year smoking, less in kitchen fan usage, X-ray exposure, and history of disease (P < 0.01 for all); Most of the COPD subjects belonged to moderately severe or worse, stratified according to Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI); COPD patients had relatively more co-morbidities than controls; Environmental hazard exposures might be the main contributors to the reported respiratory symptoms; Cold air, haze, and influenza acted the top three factors to induce respiratory symptoms in both COPD cases and controls.

Conclusion: The GIRD COPD Biobank Study has the potential to provide substantial novel insights into the genetics, biomarkers, environmental and lifestyle aspects of COPD. It is expected to provide new insights for pathogenesis and the long-term progression of COPD.     

Acute exacerbation of COPD requiring admission to the intensive care unit

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to summarize experiences of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for an acute exacerbation of COPD and to identify factors associated with a poor outcome. METHODOLOGY: An observational case series of 102 consecutive admissions to the ICU for acute exacerbation of COPD between January 1998 and December 2002 were studied. RESULTS: In total, 102 admissions to the ICU were reviewed. There were no ICU deaths but there were 18 hospital deaths (18%). A total of 28 patients were treated with non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV), of whom four (14% failure rate) subsequently required intubation and mechanical ventilation (MV). Another 16 patients (16%) were successfully weaned from MV with NIPPV. Nine patients (9%), who had more than one episode of re-intubation after weaning (RAW), were from the mechanically ventilated group. Tracheostomy was performed for four patients (3.9%). The median duration of both NIPPV and MV was 1 day. The median length of stay in the ICU and hospital were 2 days (SD, 7.2) and 8 days (SD, 9.6), respectively. Univariate analysis identified serum total protein to be associated with hospital mortality (P = 0.004) CONCLUSION: For patients with acute exacerbations of COPD in the ICU, serum total protein, a surrogate marker for nutrition, was significantly associated with hospital mortality.     

Adverse effects associated with influenza vaccination in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and type of adverse reactions following influenza vaccination and its effects on lung function, dyspnoeic symptoms, exercise capacity, and clinical acute respiratory illness (ARI) in patients with COPD, and the relationship of these adverse effects to the degree of airflow obstruction. METHODOLOGY: A stratified, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted over an 18-month period at a single university hospital. In total, 125 patients with COPD were randomized to the vaccine group (62 patients who received purified trivalent split-virus vaccine injections) or the placebo group (63 patients). Local and systemic symptoms during the week following the injections were evaluated. Clinical ARI, lung function tests, dyspnoeic symptoms (assessed using a visual analogue scale), and a 6-min walking test were evaluated before and at 1 week and 4 weeks following vaccination. RESULTS: The frequency of local adverse reactions was 27% in the vaccine group and 6% in the placebo group (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in systemic adverse reactions between the vaccine and placebo groups (76% vs. 81%; P= 0.5). No difference was observed in the incidence of ARI between the vaccine and placebo groups during the first week (6.4% vs. 6.3%; P= 1) and the first 4 weeks (24.2% vs. 31.7%; P= 0.5) following vaccination. There was no significant change in lung function, dyspnoeic symptoms, and exercise capacity of the patients in both groups, at 1 week and 4 weeks following vaccination, regardless of the severity of COPD. CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination is associated with minimal local adverse reactions in patients with COPD. Vaccination does not cause systemic adverse reactions, induce clinical exacerbations or adversely affect lung function, dyspnoeic symptoms and exercise capacity in patients with COPD, regardless of the severity of airflow obstruction.     

Systemic inflammation after inspiratory loading in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Objective

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) present systemic inflammation. Strenuous resistive breathing induces systemic inflammation in healthy subjects. We hypothesized that the increased respiratory load that characterizes COPD can contribute to systemic inflammation in these patients.

Patients and methods

To test this hypothesis, we compared leukocyte numbers and levels of circulating cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), before and 1 hour after maximal incremental inspiratory loading in 13 patients with stable COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV₁] 29 ± 2.5% ref) and in 8 healthy sedentary subjects (FEV₁ 98 ± 5% ref).

Results

We found that: (1) at baseline, patients with COPD showed higher leukocyte counts and IL-8 levels than controls (p < 0.01); and, (2) one hour after maximal inspiratory loading these values were unchanged, except for IL-10, which increased in controls (p < 0.05) but not in patients with COPD.

Conclusions

This study confirms the presence of systemic inflammation in COPD, shows that maximal inspiratory loading does not increase the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8) in COPD patients or controls, but suggests that the former may be unable to mount an appropriate systemic anti-inflammatory response to exercise.     

The functional impact of adding salmeterol and tiotropium in patients with stable COPD

The aim of this double-blind, double-dummy, crossover, randomised, pilot study was to explore the acute effects of adding salmeterol and tiotropium in patients with stable COPD. A total of 20 outpatients with stable COPD were enrolled. Single doses of 18-microg tiotropium, 50-microg salmeterol, and 18-microg tiotropium+ 50-microg salmeterol were given. Serial measurements of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were performed over 24h. The mean maximum increases in FEV1 from pre-dosing value on each of the dosing days were 0.165l (95% CI: 0.098-0.232) for tiotropium, 0.241 l (95% CI: 0.151-0.332) for salmeterol, and 0.290 l (95% CI: 0.228-0.353) for the combination and occurred 4 h after inhalation of tiotropium or salmeterol and 3 h after the combination. At 12h, the mean increases in FEV1 from pre-dosing value were 0.071 l (95% CI: 0.001-0.141; P = 0.047) for tiotropium, 0.069 l (95% CI: 0.018-0.120; P = 0.010) for salmeterol, and 0.108 l (95% CI: 0.047-0.170; P = 0.001) for the tiotropium + salmeterol combination. Only the difference between salmeterol and tiotropium + salmeterol was statistically significant (P = 0.009). At 24h, the mean FEV1 value was still higher than the mean pre-dosing value for tiotropium (0.042 l; 95% CI: -0.012-0.097; P=0.119) and the tiotropium+salmeterol combination (0.051 l; 95% CI: 0.01 5-0.087; P = 0.007), but not for salmeterol alone (-0.013 l; 95% CI: -0.041-0.014; P = 0.324). The FEV1 area under the curve (AUCs0-12h) were 1.657 l (95% CI: 1.152-2.162) for tiotropium, 2.068 (95l CI: 1.385-2.752) for salmeterol, and 2.541 l (95% CI: 1.954-3.129) for tiotropium + salmeterol. Only the difference between tiotropium and the tiotropium +salmeterol combination was statistically significant (P = 0.01). The FEV1 AUCs0-24h were 2.854 l (95% CI: 1.928-3.780) for tiotropium, 2.786 l (95% CI: 1.913-3.660) for salmeterol, and 3.640 l (95% CI: 2.674-4.605) for tiotropium + salmeterol. ALL differences between treatments were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). These results seem to indicate that the use of the tiotropium + salmeterol combination is more efficacious than the single agents alone, but the once-daily administration of the two drugs is inadvisable due to the broncholytic profile of salmeterol.     

血府逐瘀片对老年2型糖尿病合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺功能、氧化应激指标和炎症指标的影响

目的 探讨血府逐瘀片对老年2型糖尿病（T2DM）联合慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者肺功能、氧化应激指标和炎症指标的影响。方法 选择河南省三门峡市中医院自2016年3月—2018年12月收治的老年T2DM合并COPD患者95例作为研究对象,根据入院先后顺序将患者分为对照组（47例）和观察组（48例）。对照组行T2DM及COPD基础治疗,观察组在对照组治疗基础上加用血府逐瘀片,6片/次,2次/d。两组均治疗2个月。对比两组治疗前后的肺功能、氧化应激指标、炎症指标水平及治疗期间的不良反应。结果 治疗后,两组的用力肺活量（FVC）、肺活量（VC）、用力呼气容积（FEV1）、最大自主通气量（MVV）、FEV1/FVC水平均明显升高（P<0.05）,且观察组肺功能指标水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）水平均明显上升,且观察组明显高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组的丙二醛（MDA）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平明显下降,且观察组明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的不良反应发生率高于对照组,但组间对比无统计学意义。结论 血府逐瘀片可能通过抑制老年T2DM合并COPD患者机体的氧化应激反应,降低炎症反应,从而改善其肺通气功能。