基层医院间歇使用无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的临床观察

目的探讨在基层医院间歇使用无创呼吸机在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期的作用。方法将48例COPD急性加重期患者随机分为观察组(无创呼吸机组)与对照组(常规治疗组)各24例,观察两组治疗前、1d后、3d后的呼吸频率、心率、血氧饱和度,7d后呼吸困难评分及平均住院天数情况。结果经间歇使用无创通气患者1d后、3d后呼吸频率、心率下降明显,血氧饱和度上升明显,7d后呼吸困难改善明显,平均住院天数缩短明显,与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无创性呼吸适用于基层医院COPD急性加重期患者,经济且使用方便,患者易于接受,值得临床推广使用。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期合并肺结核感染的治疗方法及其疗效探讨

目的：探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive lung disease，COPD)急性期合并肺结核感染的治疗方法及其疗效。方法：选取2014年2月至2016年2月我院收治的老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性期合并肺结核感染的患者92例，根据治疗方式随机分为治疗组和对照组，对照组给予COPD对症支持治疗和抗肺结核治疗，治疗组在对照组基础上加用痰热清，比较两组患者治疗有效率、痰培养阴转率以及肝肾损害情况的差异。结果：治疗组患者治疗后痰培养阴转率(36例，85.71%)与对照组(41例，82.0%)的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者治疗后的症状积分均低于治疗前，且差异具有统计学差异(P<0.05)，治疗组治疗后的症状积分(85.62±11.37)低于对照组(91.25±12.38)，且差异具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后痊愈2例(4.76%)，显效26例(61.90%)，有效10例(23.81%)，无效4例(9.52%)；对照组治疗后痊愈1例(2.0%)，显效17例(34.0%)，有效22例(44.0%)，无效10例(20.0%)；治疗组治疗疗效明显优于对照组，且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗组治疗后发生肝肾损害14例，对照组11例，两组患者治疗后肝肾损害发生率的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：在不影响痰培养阴转率和不加重肝肾负担的情况下，老年COPD急性期合并肺结核感染患者接受一般性治疗的同时进行中医治疗，其疗效更为显著。     

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Influence of social factors in determining length of hospital stay and readmission rates

BACKGROUND:

Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) is the leading reason for hospitalization in Canada and a significant financial burden on hospital resources. Identifying factors that influence the time a patient spends in the hospital and readmission rates will allow for better use of scarce hospital resources.

OBJECTIVES:

To determine the factors that influence length of stay (LOS) in the hospital and readmission for patients with AECOPD in an inner-city hospital.

METHODS:

Using the Providence Health Records, a retrospective review of patients admitted to St Paul’s Hospital (Vancouver, British Columbia) during the winter of 2006 to 2007 (six months) with a diagnosis of AECOPD, was conducted. Exacerbations were classified according to Anthonisen criteria to determine the severity of exacerbation on admission. Severity of COPD was scored using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) criteria. For comparative analysis, severity of disease (GOLD criteria), age, sex and smoking history were matched.

RESULTS:

Of 109 admissions reviewed, 66 were single admissions (61%) and 43 were readmissions (39%). The number of readmissions ranged from two to nine (mean of 3.3 readmissions). More than 85% of admissions had the severity of COPD equal to or greater than GOLD stage 3. The significant indicators for readmission were GOLD status (P<0.001), number of related comorbidities (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.97; P<0.009) and marital status (single) (OR 4.18, 95% CI 1.03 to 17.02; P<0.046). The requirement for social work involvement during hospital admission was associated with a prolonged LOS (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of the present study show that disease severity (GOLD status) and number of comorbidities are associated with readmission rates of patients with AECOPD. Interestingly, social factors such as marital status and the need for social work intervention are also linked to readmission rates and LOS, respectively, in patients with AECOPD.     

The effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bronchoalveolar lavage cells and IL-8 levels in stable COPD patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by a chronic inflammatory process in the large and small airways, as well as in the lung parenchyma. Although the role of oral corticosteroids in the management of acute exacerbations of COPD is well documented, its role in stable COPD is not clear. We examined the anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled budesonide on the percentage of neutrophils and on interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and their correlation with spirometry and symptom scores. Twenty-six patients with stable COPD were randomised, in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial with either 800 microg of inhaled budesonide or placebo for a 6-month period. The budesonide-treated subjects had significant reductions in IL-8 levels in the BAL after therapy (mean+/-sem, 1.53+/-0.72 at baseline vs. 0.70+/-0.48 ng/ml at 6 months, P=0.004) and a reduction in the mean percentages of neutrophils (17.16+/-2.67% vs. 13.25+/-2.28% P=0.002). The improvement in sputum production was of borderline (P=0.058) significance but there was no improvement in lung function. In stable patients with COPD, treatment with inhaled budesonide for a period of 6 months has a positive effect on markers of lung inflammation, as assessed by reduction in percentage neutrophils and IL-8 concentration in BAL.     

无创正压通气治疗COPD重症呼吸衰竭观察

目的患者及家属不接气管插管有创机械通气治疗的COPD重度呼吸衰竭患者，采用经面罩无创正压通气治疗，探讨经面罩无创正压通气对COPD重度呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法采用回顾性调查分析的方法。结果在有气管插管有创机械通气治疗指征的COPD重症呼衰患者不愿接受该治疗的患者中，选用面罩无创正压通气治疗，仍可挽救51．5％以上的患者。结论在有气管插管有创机械通气治疗指征的COPD重症呼衰患者中不愿接受该治疗时，如面罩无创正压通气治疗使用得当，也可取得明显的疗效，挽救患者生命，减少并发症的发生。     

全身应用糖皮质激素在治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期的作用

目的：探讨分析糖皮质激素的全身应用在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)治疗中的作用。方法整群选取该院就诊的诊断为急性加重期COPD的患者128例,给予所有患者常规抗感染、平喘、吸氧治疗。其中64例患者作为对照组,其余64例患者在此基础上给予全身糖皮质激素药物治疗,作为实验组。对两组患者治疗前后的临床症状及肺功能情况进行评价。结果实验组患者治疗前后临床症状评分降低情况明显于对照组(P<0.05);前者FEV1、FEV1/FVC及FEV1占估计值等反应肺功能的数据提高程度均大于后者(P<0.05)。结论在COPD急性加重期常规治疗的基础上加以应用全身糖皮质激素治疗能够使患者的临床症状得到更好的缓解,有利于肺功能的恢复。     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗82例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的护理体会

目的:总结临床上使用无创呼吸机治疗呼吸衰竭的护理体会。方法:回顾性分析2011-2013年82例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者使用Bi PAP呼吸机治疗及护理的全过程。结果:82例患者67例好转出院,15例改为气管插管,其中11例拔管后好转出院,4例又行气管切开,均因气胸或病情危重而死亡。结论:无创正压通气应用逐年增加,成功率也逐渐上升,正确掌握适应证和操作程序,严密监测并防治并发症的发生,做好治疗前、治疗中及治疗后的护理,是确保成功使用Bi PAP呼吸机的重要环节。     

[Translated article] Spanish COPD Guideline (GesEPOC) Update: Comorbidities,Self-Management and Palliative Care

The current health care models described in GesEPOC indicate the best way to make a correct diagnosis, the categorization of patients, the appropriate selection of the therapeutic strategy and the management and prevention of exacerbations. In addition, COPD involves several aspects that are crucial in an integrated approach to the health care of these patients. The evaluation of comorbidities in COPD patients represents a healthcare challenge. As part of a comprehensive assessment, the presence of comorbidities related to the clinical presentation, to some diagnostic technique or to some COPD-related treatments should be studied. Likewise, interventions on healthy lifestyle habits, adherence to complex treatments, developing skills to recognize the signs and symptoms of exacerbation, knowing what to do to prevent them and treat them within the framework of a self-management plan are also necessary. Finally, palliative care is one of the pillars in the comprehensive treatment of the COPD patient, seeking to prevent or treat the symptoms of a disease, the side effects of treatment, and the physical, psychological and social problems of patients and their caregivers. Therefore, the main objective of this palliative care is not to prolong life expectancy, but to improve its quality. This chapter of GesEPOC 2021 presents an update on the most important comorbidities, self-management strategies, and palliative care in COPD, and includes a recommendation on the use of opioids for the treatment of refractory dyspnea in COPD.