The burden of caesarean section refusal in a developing country setting

Objective  To investigate the prevalence, aetiology and outcomes of caesarean section refusal in pregnant women.
Design  A prospective controlled study.
Setting  University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and Aghaeze Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.
Population  A total of 62 Nigerian women who declined elective caesarean section.
Method  Interviewer-administered questionnaires at the time of caesarean section refusal and postdelivery. The delivery outcomes of the subjects were compared with that of a matched control group of women who accepted caesarean section.
Main outcome measures  Prevalence, maternal reasons for caesarean section refusal and the resultant maternal and perinatal mortality.
Results  The prevalence of caesarean section refusal was 11.6% of all caesarean deliveries. Maternal reasons for refusing caesarean section include fear of death, economic reasons, desire to experience vaginal delivery and inadequate counselling. Outcomes were significantly worse among women who refused elective caesarean section than in the controls with a maternal mortality of 15% (versus 2%, P = 0.008) and a perinatal mortality of 34% (versus 5%, P < 0.001).
Conclusion  There is a high prevalence of caesarean section refusal in south-eastern Nigeria. Women declining caesareans have very poor maternal and perinatal outcomes and need extra support.     

1990年与2013年中国人群白血病疾病负担分析

目的 分析1990年与2013年中国人群白血病的疾病负担及其变化情况。方法 利用中国分省疾病负担研究结果,分析和比较1990年与2013年全国白血病的发病、死亡情况及伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、过早死亡损失寿命年(YLL)和伤残损失寿命年(YLD)。描述2013年各省份白血病标化死亡率及与1990年相比白血病标化死亡率的变化情况。结果 2013年中国人群白血病标化发病率为6.70/10万,标化死亡率为4.05/10万,较1990年分别降低8.84%和36.22%。2013年白血病标化DALY率、标化YLL率分别为174.58/10万和170.42/10万,较1990年分别下降44.68%和45.32%。2013年白血病标化YLD率为4.16/10万,与1990年相比,升高6.94%。年龄别数据显示,2013年,35岁以下人群因白血病死亡人数占因癌症死亡总数的比例高于10%,5岁以下儿童白血病DALY率最高,为317.61/10万。2013年与1990年相比,各省份人群白血病标化死亡率均出现下降,2013年白血病标化死亡率最高的前3个省份为新疆(4.72/10万)、宁夏(4.56/10万)和福建(4.50/10万)。结论 中国人群白血病标化发病率、死亡率、DALY率和YLL率下降,但YLD率升高,儿童、青少年因白血病死亡占因癌症死亡的构成比较高。各省份白血病标化死亡率均下降,但仍存在差异。     

浙江省2013年2型糖尿病伤残调整寿命年分析

目的 定量估计浙江省人群2013年2型糖尿病的疾病负担。方法 使用2010年全球疾病负担研究(GBD 2010)方法,利用浙江省人群2型糖尿病发病率、患病率和死亡率数据,借助DISMODⅡ软件计算伤残调整寿命年(DALY)、伤残损失寿命年(YLD)和损失寿命年(YLL)。结果 2013年浙江省2型糖尿病每千人DALY值为5.36人年,女性(5.49人年)高于男性(5.24人年),城市(5.47人年)高于农村(5.42人年);DALY强度主要集中在老年组,其中以80～84岁人群最高(32.63人年/1 000人)。2型糖尿病主要引起伤残负担,YLL/YLD=0.62。结论 浙江省2型糖尿病平均YLL率高于全国水平。     

Zarit burden interview among caregivers of community-dwelling older adults in a caribbean setting (Jamaica): Reliability and factor structure

The Zarit Burden Interview has been the most popularly used tool for measuring caregiver burden and with the 60 years and over population in Jamaica and developing countries expected to increase, caregiver burden and its assessment assume increased importance. Establishing the reliability and underlying factor structure of instruments such as the ZBI is critical. This study sought to determine the reliability of the Zarit Burden Interview and to assess its underlying factor structure. The ZBI was administered to 180 caregivers of community dwelling older persons in Jamaica in a nationally representative sample across four geographic health regions in 2016. The factor structure was identified using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with Varimax rotation. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency/reliability of the instrument. The internal consistency/reliability of the ZBI instrument was high (Cronbach's α = 0.859) and the corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.134 to 0.730. The ZBI mean score was found to be 16.92 ± 12.04. EFA produced a six-factor model comprised of 19 items which explained 48.97% of total variance, and was subsequently reduced to four (37.27% of total variance) via the use of parallel analysis and scrutiny of confidence intervals. The four factors identified were ‘personal strain’, ‘social relations disruption’, ‘resource strain/imbalance’ and ‘role intensity’. The ZBI-22 tool is a reliable instrument for evaluating caregiver burden among community dwelling older persons in Jamaica. A four factor model has emerged providing greater insights on the underlying constructs of the ZBI, the most widely used caregiver burden assessment tool.     

The Burden of Stroke in Kurdistan Province,Iran From 2011 to 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to calculate the burden of stroke in Kurdistan Province, Iran between 2011 and 2017.MethodsIncidence data extracted from the hospital information system of Kurdistan Province and death data extracted from the system of registration and classification of causes of death were used in a cross-sectional study. The World Health Organization method was used to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).ResultsThe burden of stroke increased from 2453.44 DALYs in 2011 to 5269.68 in 2017, the years of life lost increased from 2381.57 in 2011 to 5109.68 in 2017, and the years of healthy life lost due to disability increased from 71.87 in 2011 to 159.99 in 2017. The DALYs of ischaemic stroke exceeded those of haemorrhagic stroke. The burden of disease, new cases, and deaths doubled during the study period. The age-standardised incidence rate of ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke in 2017 was 21.72 and 20.72 per 100 000 population, respectively.ConclusionsThe burden of stroke is increasing in Kurdistan Province. Since health services in Iran are based on treatment, steps are needed to revise the current treatment services for stroke and to improve the quality of services. Policy-makers and managers of the health system need to plan to reduce the known risk factors for stroke in the community. In addition to preventive interventions, efficient and up-to-date interventions are recommended for the rapid diagnosis and treatment of stroke patients in hospitals. Along with therapeutic interventions, preventive interventions can help reduce the stroke burden.     

Burden of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal disease in hospitalized adults: A Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Serious Outcomes Surveillance (SOS) network study

BackgroundPneumococcal community acquired pneumonia (CAP_Spn) and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although childhood immunization programs have reduced the overall burden of pneumococcal disease, there is insufficient data in Canada to inform immunization policy in immunocompetent adults. This study aimed to describe clinical outcomes of pneumococcal disease in hospitalized Canadian adults, and determine the proportion of cases caused by vaccine-preventable serotypes.MethodsActive surveillance for CAP_Spn and IPD in hospitalized adults was performed in hospitals across five Canadian provinces from December 2010 to 2013. CAP_Spn were identified using sputum culture, blood culture, a commercial pan-pneumococcal urine antigen detection (UAD), or a serotype-specific UAD. The serotype distribution was characterized using Quellung reaction, and PCR-based serotyping on cultured isolates, or using a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) serotype-specific UAD assay.Results and conclusionsIn total, 4769 all-cause CAP cases and 81 cases of IPD (non-CAP) were identified. Of the 4769 all-cause CAP cases, a laboratory test for S. pneumoniae was performed in 3851, identifying 14.3% as CAP_Spn. Of CAP cases among whom all four diagnostic test were performed, S. pneumoniae was identified in 23.2% (144/621). CAP_Spn cases increased with age and the disease burden of illness was evident in terms of requirement for mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit admission, and 30-day mortality. Of serotypeable CAP_Spn or IPD results, predominance for serotypes 3, 7F, 19A, and 22F was observed. The proportion of hospitalized CAP cases caused by a PCV13-type S. pneumoniae ranged between 7.0% and 14.8% among cases with at least one test for S. pneumoniae performed or in whom all four diagnostic tests were performed, respectively. Overall, vaccine-preventable pneumococcal CAP and IPD were shown to be significant causes of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized Canadian adults in the three years following infant PCV13 immunization programs in Canada.     

The burden of herpes zoster disease in Norway

BackgroundNo national vaccination program against herpes zoster (HZ) is currently in place in Norway. We aimed to quantify the burden of medically attended HZ to assess the need for a vaccination program.MethodsWe linked data from several health registries to identify medically attended HZ cases during 2008–2014 and HZ-associated deaths during1996–2012 in the entire population of Norway. We calculated HZ incidences for primary and hospital care by age, sex, type of health encounter, vaccination status, and co-morbidities among hospital patients. We also estimated HZ-associated mortality and case-fatality.ResultsThe study included 82,064 HZ patients, of whom none were reported as vaccinated against HZ. The crude annual incidence of HZ was 227.1 cases per 100,000 in primary healthcare and 24.8 cases per 100,000 in hospitals. Incidence rates were higher in adults aged ≥50 years (461 per 100,000 in primary care and 57 per 100,000 in hospitals), and women than in men both in primary healthcare (267 vs 188 per 100,000), and hospitals (28 vs 22 per 100,000). Among hospital patients, 47% had complicated zoster and 25% had comorbidities, according to the Charlson comorbidity index. The duration of hospital stay (median 4 days) increased with the severity of comorbidities. The estimated mortality rate was 0.18 per 100,000; and in-hospital case-fatality rate was 1.04%.ConclusionsMedically attended HZ poses a substantial burden in the Norwegian healthcare sector. The majority of the zoster cases occurred among adults aged ≥50 years – the group eligible for zoster vaccination – and increased use of zoster vaccination may be warranted, especially among persons with co-morbidities.     

1990－2017年中国人群缺血性心脏病疾病负担及其危险因素变化趋势研究

目的 探讨1990－2017年中国人群缺血性心脏病（IHD）疾病负担及其危险因素的变化趋势。方法 基于2017年全球疾病负担（GBD）中国研究开放数据，利用伤残损失寿命年（YLD）、早死损失寿命年（YLL）、伤残调整寿命年（DALY）等指标对1990－2017年中国不同性别和年龄人群IHD疾病负担变化趋势进行描述，并结合人群归因分值（PAF）分析IHD危险因素的变化情况。结果 2017年，IHD的YLD率、YLL率、DALY率分别为74.2/10万、2 057.2/10万、2 131.0/10万。YLD率为女性高于男性，YLL率和DALY率则为男性高于女性。与IHD有关的24种可改变危险因素中，导致DALYs、PAF、DALY率排名前5位的危险因素均为高血压（1 642.9万人年、54.6%、1 163.1/10万）、高LDL-C（1 394.1万人年、46.3%、987.0/10万）、钠摄入过多（1 090.0万人年、36.2%、771.1/10万）、吸烟（864.7万人年、28.7%、612.2/10万）、坚果摄入不足（745.2万人年、24.8%、527.6/10万）。IHD DALY率由1990年1 116.4/10万增至2017年2 131.0/10万，增长率为90.9%。与1990年相比，2017年15~49岁和≥70岁人群IHD的YLD率增加，且≥70岁人群YLD率的2007－2017年年均增长率（0.4%）高于1990－2007年年均增长率（0.2%）。但YLL率和DALY率的2007－2017年年均增长率（0.6%、0.6%）低于1990－2007年年均增长率（1.3%、1.2%）。与1990年相比，2017年归因于加工肉摄入过多（929.7%）、高糖饮料摄入过多（822.7%）、高BMI（327.3%）的DALYs增幅较大；PAF值增幅最大的为高糖饮料摄入过多（400.0%）。2007－2017年，有8种IHD危险因素的DALY率顺位上升，7种危险因素的DALY率顺位下降。结论 IHD所致伤残负担增大，尽管其所致的过早死亡得到了有效控制，但仍为疾病负担的主要来源，≥70岁人群中表现尤为明显。IHD对男性患者的影响主要为早死所致疾病负担，对女性主要为失能所致负担。加强对高血压的预防和控制、减少吸烟和改善不合理膳食习惯等行为危险因素是防控IHD的优先措施。     

2014-2020年青岛市急性心肌梗死发病率、死亡率特征及疾病负担分析

目的描述青岛市2014-2020年急性心肌梗死(AMI)发病、死亡变化趋势以及疾病负担。方法数据来源于青岛市慢性病监测系统, 采用Joinpoint对数线性回归模型估算标化发病率、死亡率平均年度变化百分比(AAPC), 并计算伤残调整寿命年(DALY)评估疾病负担。结果 2014-2020年青岛市共报告AMI发病70 491例, 标化发病率为54.71/10万;死亡50 832例, 标化死亡率为36.55/10万。标化发病率的AAPC(95%CI)为2.86%(95%CI:0.42%～5.35%), 其中男女性标化发病率AAPC(95%CI)分别为4.30%(95%CI:1.24%～7.45%)和0.78%(95%CI:-0.89%～2.47%)。Joinpoint对数回归模型分析结果显示, 30～、40～岁年龄组标化发病率增长速度较快, AAPC(95%CI)分别为8.92%(95%CI:2.23%～16.06%)和6.32%(95%CI:3.30%～9.44%);其中男性各年龄组增长趋势更为明显, 30～、40～、50～岁年龄组的AAPC(95%CI)分别为11.25%(95%CI...     

广东省慢性病患者生存质量及健康调整期望寿命分析

目的 分析广东省慢性病患者生存质量及健康调整期望寿命。方法 基于广东省第五次全国卫生服务调查数据,通过欧洲五维度三水平健康量表对人群生存质量进行评价。运用多重线性回归和等级logistic回归评价慢性病对人群生存质量的影响,并用期望寿命和健康调整期望寿命指标评价慢性病对人群健康的综合影响。结果 共纳入68 550名居民数据进行分析,等级logistic回归显示在校正了社会人口学特征后,慢性病对生存质量各个维度的影响均有统计学意义,其中对疼痛/不舒服维度的影响最大[OR=4.48（95% CI：4.20~4.77）],其余依次为焦虑/抑郁[OR=3.95（95% CI：3.62~4.31）]、日常活动[OR=3.69（95% CI：3.37~4.04）]、行动[OR=3.63（95% CI：3.34~3.94）]和自我照顾[OR=3.30（95% CI：2.98~3.66）]。慢性病患者期望寿命比非慢性病人群平均少12.7年,健康调整寿命平均减少14.6年（男性减少17.8年,女性减少9.7年）。人群去慢性病健康调整期望寿命收益为3.8年（男性为5.1年,女性为2.0年）。结论 慢性病会影响患者生存质量的各维度,从而减少患者的健康调整期望寿命,给人群和社会带来沉重的健康负担。从卫生政策和卫生资源优化配置的角度看,需为慢性病患者尤其是为老年患者提供更全面可及的医疗照护,照护需不仅关注生理健康也要注重心理健康。