乳腺癌易患基因1、2基因突变的研究进展

乳腺癌作为女性常见恶性肿瘤之一,近年来,在国内外发病率逐年上升,且越发年轻化。在乳腺癌患者中,一部分表现出家族聚集性、发病早,且累及家系中多个成员。乳腺癌易患基因1、2(BRCA1、2)是乳腺癌遗传性易患基因。有研究证实,BRCA1、2基因参与乳腺癌的发生、发展过程,并在其中扮演重要角色。该文对国内外乳腺癌BRCA基因突变研究现状进行总结,并就BRCA基因突变在乳腺癌防治和预后方面的研究进展予以综述。     

磁共振动态增强对乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的探讨磁共振动态增强（DCE—MRI）对乳腺癌的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析34例初诊为恶性病变者的DCE—MRI表现,观察病灶的形态学特征、强化方式、时间信号强度曲线（TIC）类型,结合BI—RADS分级评分,诊断病变的良、恶性。结果病理证实恶性29例,良性5例。边缘有毛刺或有棘状突起者13例（38．2％）,形态不规则11例（32．4％）,形态不规则并有毛刺9例（26．5％）,边缘光整1例（2．9％）。其中病灶周围血管增粗曲张6例（17．6％）。TIC曲线类型：Ⅰ型O例,Ⅱ型9例（26．5％）,Ⅲ型25例（73．5％）。结论DCE—MRI能较好地区分乳腺的良、恶性病灶。     

CKl9 mRNA表达水平在乳腺癌微转移检测及治疗监测中的应用

目的探讨细胞角蛋白CKl9EnRNA表达水平在乳腺癌微转移检测及治疗监测中的应用。方法选择我院2004年2月-2011年8月健康体检者30例作为对照组,同时选择良性乳腺肿瘤30例,乳腺癌30例,对健康体检者、30例良性乳腺肿瘤和30例乳腺癌患者进行外周血中CKl9mRNA水平检查,统计比较组间的差异。结果CKl9mRNA在乳腺癌组表达明显高于良性乳腺疾病组．乳腺癌淋巴结转移组明显高于无淋巴结转移组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论FQ—PCR检测CKl9mRNA对乳腺癌诊断特异性较高,具有确切的预测价值,可有效监测乳腺癌微转移和疗效,临床值得推广。     

Hereditary and familial cancer

Advances in both access to and the technology underpinning next-generation sequencing have provided a formidable basis for the evaluation of individuals and families recognized as having a potential hereditary cancer. This article focuses on the most clinically relevant hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndromes and hereditary colorectal cancer. It also reviews current best practice in both surveillance for affected individuals as well as an providing an overview of the available risk-reduction strategies for affected individuals.     

Implementation of sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer by surgeons in the Department of Defense

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for the evaluation of women with invasive breast cancer is rapidly gaining acceptance. The purpose of this study was to assess how surgeons in the Department of Defense (DOD) are incorporating SLNB into practice. METHODS: Surgeons at all DOD hospitals were telephonically surveyed regarding their current practices with SLNB. RESULTS: Of 66 DOD hospitals 23 (35%) are currently performing SLNB. Eleven hospitals (11 of 23, 48%) are academic centers, while 12 (12 of 23, 52%) are not teaching facilities. Seventeen (17 of 23, 77%) are in the learning phase of SLNB and follow SLNB with an axillary dissection. Eighteen (18 of 23, 78%) of facilities have surgeons who learned the procedure in residency/fellowship training. Sixteen (16 of 23, 70%) use a combination of isosulfan blue dye and sulfur colloid radioisotope. Surgeons performing SLNB are not aware of the method of examination of the sentinel node at their institution at 6 of 23 (26%) of hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing numbers of surgeons in the DOD Healthcare System are performing SLNB. The majority learned the procedure in residency or fellowship and are using a combination of blue dye and radioisotope for the performance of SLNB.     

利用IGF-1基因敲除鼠乳腺癌模型研究IGF-1对血管生成的影响

目的探讨在低血清胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）水平与正常IGF-1水平的小鼠乳腺癌模型中应用血管生长抑制剂——人参皂甙（GS）Rg3后，IGF-1对血管生成的影响。方法应用7，12-二甲基苯蒽（DMBA）诱导肝脏特异性IGF-1基因敲除鼠（IAD鼠）及对照鼠建立原发乳腺癌模型，应用GSRg3进行干预治疗，利用免疫组化法检测乳腺癌组织中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和Ⅷ因子相关抗原（F8-RAg）表达水平，同时利用基因芯片技术检测小鼠乳腺癌及正常乳腺组织中相关基因的表达情况。结果LID鼠乳腺癌的发生率低于对照鼠（P〈0．05）；LID鼠乳腺癌组织中VEGF表达水平与微血管密度均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。LID鼠乳腺癌组织中IGF-1、成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF）1、肝细胞生长因子（HGF）和转化生长因子（TGF）-β1基因较对照组上调，成纤维细胞生长因子受体（FGFR）-2、血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）-A和PDGF-B基因较对照组下调；应用GSRg3后，LID鼠乳腺癌组织中VEGFa、表皮生长因子（EGF）、表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）、PDGF—A和FGFR-2基因较对照组上调，而IGF1和TGF-β1基因较对照组下调。结论IGF1促进小鼠乳腺癌的发生、发展，且与血管生长密切相关。血管生长抑制剂可能通过IGF-1及TGF-β1发挥抗肿瘤作用。     

疏肝解郁法治疗乳腺癌进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国,乳腺癌的发病率呈现快速上升的趋势,已然成为女性恶性肿瘤发病率之首。中医药是治疗乳腺癌的重要方法之一,中医认为乳岩的发生、发展、预后与肝气郁结密切相关,中药治以疏肝解郁,疗效显著。大量古代医家和现代研究证实疏肝解郁对于乳腺癌的疗效。本文就疏肝解郁法治疗乳腺癌作初步探讨。     

磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)对乳腺癌患者的诊断意义

目的 观察磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)在乳腺癌发生、发展中的状况 ,探讨磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)对乳腺癌患者的诊断意义。方法 用抗磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)抗体检测乳腺癌细胞及癌旁“正常”乳腺上皮细胞的磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)激活程度。用SPSS统计软件分析。结果 乳腺癌细胞与癌旁“正常”乳腺上皮细胞的磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)激活程度差别有非常显著性意义 (U=535.000 ,P<0.001) ;不同组织学类型、有否淋巴结转移、患者年龄、病变部位之间磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)激活程度无差别 (P>0.05) ;乳腺癌细胞的磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)激活程度与ErbB2表达水平之间阳性分布有差别 (U=804.000,P<0.05) ,但磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)的激活程度与ErbB2表达水平无等级相关性 (χ2=4.968,P>0.05)。结论 用抗磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)抗体检测乳腺癌标本的磷酸化ErbB2(Tyr1248)激活程度对乳腺癌患者的诊断有参考价值。     

The Value of Ultrasound in Detecting Extra‐Axillary Regional Node Involvement in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer

Assessment of the regional lymphatics is important for accurate staging and treatment of breast cancer patients. We sought to determine the role of regional ultrasound in providing clinically relevant information. We retrospectively analyzed data from patients who were treated curatively in 1996–2006 at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center for clinical stage III breast cancer. We compared differences in regional lymph node staging based on ultrasound versus mammography and physical examination in the 865 of 1,200 patients who had external-beam radiation as part of their treatment and regional ultrasound studies as part of their initial evaluation. Ultrasound uniquely identified additional lymph node involvement beyond the level I or II axilla in 37% of the patients (325 of 865), leading to a change in clinical nodal stage. Ninety-one percent of these abnormalities that could be biopsied (266 or 293) were confirmed to contain disease. The sites of additional regional nodal disease were: infraclavicular disease, 32% (275 of 865); supraclavicular disease, 16% (140 of 865); and internal mammary disease, 11% (98 of 865). All patients with involvement in the extra-axillary regional nodal basins received a radiation boost to the involved areas ≥10 Gy. Thus, over one third of patients with advanced breast cancer had their radiation plan altered by the ultrasound findings. Regional ultrasound evaluation in patients with advanced breast cancer commonly revealed abnormalities within and beyond the axilla, which changed the clinical stage of disease and the radiation treatment strategy. Therefore, regional ultrasound is beneficial in the initial staging evaluation for such patients.     

Coexistence of benign phyllodes tumor and invasive ductal carcinoma in distinct breasts: case report

This report describes a rare case of coexistence of benign phyllodes tumor, which measured 9 cm in the right breast, and invasive ductal carcinoma of 6 cm in the left breast, synchronous and independent, in a 66-year-old patient. The patient underwent a bilateral mastectomy due to the size of both lesions. Such situations are rare and usually refer to the occurrence of ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ when associated with malignant phyllodes tumors, and more often in ipsilateral breast or intra-lesional.