Partially covered self-expandable metal stents versus polyethylene stents for malignant biliary obstruction: A cost-effectiveness analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:

Partially covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) and polyethylene stents (PES) are both commonly used in the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Although SEMS are significantly more expensive, they are more efficacious than PES. Accordingly, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed.

METHODS:

A cost-effectiveness analysis compared the approach of initial placement of PES versus SEMS for the study population. Patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to insert the initial stent. If the insertion failed, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram was performed. If stent occlusion occurred, a PES was inserted at repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, either in an outpatient setting or after admission to hospital if cholangitis was present. A third-party payer perspective was adopted. Effectiveness was expressed as the likelihood of no occlusion over the one-year adopted time horizon. Probabilities were based on a contemporary randomized clinical trial, and costs were issued from national references. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS:

A PES-first strategy was both more expensive and less efficacious than an SEMS-first approach. The mean per-patient costs were US$6,701 for initial SEMS and US$20,671 for initial PES, which were associated with effectiveness probabilities of 65.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results.

CONCLUSION:

At the time of initial endoscopic drainage for patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing palliative stenting, an initial SEMS insertion approach was both more effective and less costly than a PES-first strategy.     

Topic controversies in the endoscopic management of malignant hilar strictures using metal stent: side‐by‐side versus stent‐in‐stent techniques

Endoscopic management of unresectable hilar malignant biliary stricture (MBS) is currently challenging, and the best approach is still controversial. Liver volume is the key to adequate biliary drainage in hilar MBS and multiple stenting is mandatory to drain over 50% of liver volume in most cases. The self‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) has shown superior patency to plastic stents in recent reports. There are two methods of multiple stenting for hilar MBS: stent‐in‐stent (SIS) and side‐by‐side (SBS). Advantages of SIS include multiple SEMS placement in one stent caliber at the common bile duct (CBD), which is considered physiologically ideal. The through‐the‐mesh (TTM) technique with guidewires and the SEMS delivery system can be technically difficult in SIS, although the recent development of dedicated SEMSs having a loose portion facilitating the TTM technique makes SIS technically feasible both at stent deployment and re‐interventions. Conversely, the SBS technique, if placed across the papilla, is technically simple at initial placement and re‐intervention at stent occlusion. However, SBS has potential disadvantages of overexpansion of the CBD because of parallel placement of multiple SEMS, which can lead to portal vein thrombosis. Given the limited evidence available, a well‐designed randomized controlled trial comparing these two techniques is warranted.     

Technical tips and troubleshooting of endoscopic biliary drainage for unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction

Unresectable malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) occurs in various diseases, such as cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and lymph node metastasis of the hilum of the liver. The majority of patients with advanced MHBO are not candidates for surgical resection because of the tumor location in the hepatic hilum and adjacent areas, advanced tumor stage, or comorbidities. Therefore, these patients often have a poor prognosis in terms of survival and quality of life. Most of these patients will require non‐surgical, palliative biliary drainage. To date, various biliary drainage techniques for unresectable MHBO (UMHBO) have been reported. Of these techniques, endoscopic biliary drainage is currently considered to be the most safe and minimally invasive procedure. However, endoscopic biliary drainage for UMHBO is still not standardized regarding the optimal stent, drainage area, stenting method, and reintervention technique. Recently, towards standardization of this technique for UMHBO, clinical research and trials including randomized controlled trials have been performed. In this article, we reviewed the most important issues regarding endoscopic biliary drainage for UMHBO, focusing on prospective studies. We also described in detail the techniques and future perspectives of endoscopic biliary drainage in patients with UMHBO.     

胆囊结石合并胆总管结石微创治疗与传统手术治疗比较分析

目的:分析胆囊结石合并胆总管结石微创治疗与传统手术治疗的临床疗效。方法 :将2013年12月~2015年2月胆囊结石合并胆总管结石74例随机分为两组,每组37例。对照组采用传统开腹手术治疗,观察组采用微创手术治疗,观察两组疗效及并发症情况。结果:观察组手术成功率为97.3%,与对照组94.6%比较无统计学差异(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率为8.1%,明显低于对照组的27.0%(P0.05);观察组胃肠功能恢复时间及住院时间,明显优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的治疗方案中,腹腔镜与内镜联合下行微创外科手术方案效果确切,并发症发生少,术后有利于患者康复,缩短了住院时间,值得推广应用。     

28例次活体肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜诊疗体会

目的 回顾性分析活体肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床特点,探讨内镜处置相关问题的有效方式.方法 21例活体肝移植胆道并发症患者接受ERCP诊疗,根据胆道造影所见给予相应治疗,观察内镜治疗的效果.结果 21例患者中43.8%处于术后早期,共接受28次内镜诊疗,其中发现胆管吻合口狭窄19例(90.4%),目.多数存在成角畸形;发现吻合口胆漏9例(42.9%).内镜治疗的操作成功率为85.7%,包括鼻胆管引流5例次、单支架引流10例次、气囊扩张和(或)多支架支撑9例次、胆漏腔引流2例次.随访中3例胆漏患者经治疗漏门已愈合,2例吻合口狭窄已基本消除.结论 活体肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率高且上发生早,吻合口严重狭窄伴成角畸形多见,合并胆漏的发生率较高;采用"先治漏,后治窄"的原则进行内镜治疗可取得满意的疗效.     

Pancreatic guidewire placement for achieving selective biliary cannulation during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography

AIM： To investigate the frequency and risk factors for acute pancreatitis after pancreatic guidewire placement （P-GW） in achieving cannulation of the bile duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography （ERCP）.
METHODS： P-GW was performed in 113 patients in whom cannulation of the bile duct was difficult. The success rate of biliary cannulation, the frequency and risk factors of post-ERCP pancreatitis, and the frequency of spontaneous migration of the pancreatic duct stent were investigated.
RESULTS： Selective biliary cannulation with P-GW was achieved in 73% of the patients. Post-ERCP pancreatitis occurred in 12% （14 patients： mild, 13; moderate, 1）. Prophylactic pancreatic stenting was attempted in 59% of the patients. Of the 64 patients who successfully underwent stent placement, three developed mild pancreatitis （4.7%）. Of the 49 patients without stent placement, 11 developed pancreatitis （22%： mild, 10; moderate, 1）. Of the five patients in whom stent placement was unsuccessful, two developed mild pancreatitis. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed no pancreatic stenting to be the only significant risk factor for pancreatitis. Spontaneous migration of the stent was observed within two weeks in 92% of the patients who had undergone pancreatic duct stenting.
CONCLUSION： P-GW is useful for achieving selective biliary cannulation, Pancreatic duct stenting after P-GW can reduce the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis, which requires evaluation by means of prospective randomized controlled trials,     

低剂量非增强多排螺旋CT扫描探查尿路结石:模型研究

目的:探讨将低剂量多排螺旋CT(MDCT)扫描技术应用我国成人尿路结石探查的可行性方案及其临床应用的可靠性。方法:参照228例体重75kg以下成人腹盆部骶髂关节水平的体径值制作含有各种组织成分并在其中植入2～5mm的草酸钙结石和7mm管径的水管模型;使用GE Lightspeed 16CT机对模型进行常规剂量和一系列低剂量扫描,筛选出可满足结石诊断要求的低剂量可行性扫描方案,并应用于临床探查尿路结石评价其可靠性。结果:辐射量CT-DIvol为2.67、2.99和3.4mGy的3个序列图像质量基本可满足诊断。选择其中CTDIvol为2.99的序列,扫描参数为120kV、60mA、扫描时间0.5s/r、扫描层厚5mm、螺距0.938应用于临床,检查病例104例,诊断尿路结石的灵敏度、特异度分别为96.67%和88.64%;常规剂量尿路结石检查病例100例,其灵敏度、特异度分别为98.18%和93.33%;比较两种方法的灵敏度与特异度的95%可信区间有重叠,表示两种方法的特异度与灵敏度无统计学差异。结论:应用合适的低剂量MDCT扫描序列探查成人尿路结石是可行、可靠的。     

双源双能CT在尿路结石成分分析中的应用

目的:探讨双源CT双能量技术应用于尿路结石成分分析中的临床价值。方法:226例尿路结石患者行双源CT双能量扫描,对其结石成分进行分析,将结果与用红外光谱法分析结石成分的结果作对比,计算双源CT在体分析草酸钙结石、磷酸盐结石、胱氨酸结石及尿酸结石的灵敏度与特异度。结果:双源CT能够准确的区分尿酸结石和非尿酸结石(灵敏度和特异度均为100%),较准确的区分草酸钙结石(灵敏度为89.03%、特异度为85.62%),磷酸盐结石(灵敏度为67.28%、特异度为90.71%)及胱氨酸结石(灵敏度为73.56%、特异度为93.43%)。结论:双源CT双能量技术能在治疗前对尿路结石的成分进行初步分析,对了解结石成因,预防结石形成及指导治疗具有重要的意义。     

双频双导管超声碎石系统治疗肾结石疗效分析

目的:评价超声引导经皮肾镜双频双导管碎石术处理复杂性上尿路结石的疗效。方法:78例82侧肾结石患者均在超声引导下穿刺建立F24经皮肾通道,采用双频双导管碎石系统(cyberwand)进行碎石和清石。结果:全部患者均获得手术成功,77侧行单通道取石,5侧行双通道取石,平均手术时间(79.8±43.2)min,平均结石处理时间为(42.0±17.3)min。总体结石清除率为90.2%(74/82)。3例患者接受输血,其中2例行选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗控制出血,无严重感染患者。结论:经皮肾镜结合双频双导管碎石系统处理肾结石碎石高效安全,并发症少。     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石

目的 探讨输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石的安全性及有效性. 方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2010年12月输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗23例合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石患者资料.男15例,女8例.年龄23～68岁,平均44岁.主要特点为腰痛、血尿,尿路感染.10例曾行ESWL治疗,其中l例曾行2次ESWL.23例均为单侧肾盏憩室结石,结石位于肾上极11例,中部9例,下极3例.成堆泥沙样多发结石19例,单发结石4例.结石最大直径18.9 mm.术前1周均留置双J管,均行IVU及双肾CT检查.静脉复合麻醉下行输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术,留置输尿管扩张鞘,置入输尿管软镜抵达肾盂,寻及憩室开口,必要时用钬激光切开憩室颈部,憩室内大部分结石呈泥沙样聚集,小部分结石较大,予以钬激光碎石,结石碎屑随灌洗液冲出或用套石篮取出. 结果 本组23例均顺利置入输尿管软镜,一次进镜成功率100％.22例顺利寻及憩室结石,1例术中未寻及憩室开口改行PCNL,手术顺利.碎石成功20例(87.0％),术后无结石残留15例(65.3％).残留结石＜4 mm者5例;3例碎石失败者结石残块≥4 mm.平均手术时间60min,术后平均住院日3.5d.手术无并发症发生.术后随访6～12个月,患者症状均消失,未见结石复发. 结论 输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗合并临床症状的肾盏憩室结石安全、有效,可作为临床首选治疗方法.