Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of hepatic papillary cystadenocarcinoma in Caroli's disease.

A case of papillary adenocarcinoma arising in Caroli's disease (CD) in a 25-yr-old woman is reported. The diagnosis of malignancy was made by ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). As there were no metastasis, a liver transplant was performed and the diagnosis was histologically confirmed. Only 22 cases of malignant transformation of CD have been reported to date, all among middle-aged subjects (mean age: 52 yr) of both sexes. Most of these reported cases (83%) were found to be bile duct adenocarcinomas with occasional reports of hepatocellular and undifferentiated carcinomas. Our case is the youngest reported to date and the first to be diagnosed cytologically.     

Analysis of proliferating biliary epithelial cells in human liver disease using a monoclonal antibody against DNA polymeraseα

The proliferative activity and ultrastructural characteristics of proliferating biliary epithelial cells were analysed immunohistocytochemically in 39 biopsied liver specimens from patients with acute viral hepatitis, chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis using a monoclonal antibody against DNA polymerase (DNA-PA). In acute viral hepatitis with perivenular confluent necrosis, proliferation of typical bile ducts was found frequently in portal areas. In chronic aggressive hepatitis and cirrhosis, ductular proliferation of both typical and atypical forms was found in enlarged portal and periportal areas and in confluent necrotic areas. The number of proliferating biliary epithelial cells that stained positive for DNA-PA was small. There were very few positively stained cells in atypical bile ducts in confluent necrotic areas of cirrhosis. Atypical bile ducts seen in chronic aggressive hepatitis, cirrhosis and acute hepatitis with confluent necrosis were positively stained for both cytokeratins 8 and 19. In cirrhosis, the number of stained biliary epithelial cells in typical bile ducts was larger than the number of such cells in atypical bile ducts (P< 0.01). By electron microscopy, the cells positively stained for DNA-PA were mostly so-called clear cells with irregular nuclei containing coarse nucleoplasm, and a few small cells with scanty cytoplasm and few organelles.     

Gemfibrozil absorption and elimination in kidney and liver disease

Summary The disposition of the lipid-lowering drug gemfibrozil was studied in patients with either renal (n= 8) or hepatic disease (n= 8) and compared to those of healthy volunteers (n= 6). Gemfibrozil was determined in plasma and urine by means of a HPLC method. Urine was also analyzed for gemfibrozil conjugates.Following oral administration of 900 mg gemfibrozil, maximal plasma levels of the parent drug were 46.1±15.8 g/ml, attained after 2.2±1.1 h. In chronic renal failure and in liver cirrhosis the plasma concentrations of gemfibrozil did not significantly differ from that of controls except in those patients who were comedicated with antacids. These patients had significantly lower C_max and AUC values. The elimination half-life of the drug was 1.5 h in controls, 2.4 h in renal failure, and 2.1 h in liver disease. In healthy volunteers, only 0.02 to 0.15% of the given dose was recovered in the urine as parent gemfibrozil, while conjugates made up 7–14%. In patients with renal failure also, only traces of parent gemfibrozil could be detected, and conjugates accounted for 0.5–9.8%. In those with liver disease, however, about 0.1–0.2% were recovered in urine as parent gemfibrozil and up to 50% as conjugates. Strikingly, the amount of excreted conjugates in the urine was positively correlated to the direct bilirubin plasma concentration. It can be concluded that the elimination of gemfibrozil is not significantly influenced by renal failure. However, comedication with antacids markedly reduced plasma disposition of the drug. Patients with severe liver disease excreted more conjugated gemfibrozil via the kidney than did healthy controls. Thus, transfer across the canalicular cell membrane to the bile duct, rather than drug metabolization, is primarily disturbed in liver disease. Gemfibrozil accumulation is unlikely to occur in either kidney or liver disease.Abbreviations Cl_r creatinine clearance (ml/min) - HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography - C_max maximal plasma concentration (g/ml) - t_max time (h) after which C_max is attained - k_e elimination rate constant (h^–1) - t_1/2 elimination half-life (h) - A_e amount of drug excreted into the urine (% of given dose) - MRT mean residence time (h) - AUMC area under the first moment curve (g h²/ml) - AUC area under the plasma level time curve (g·h/ml) - ANOVA analysis of variance The paper is gratefully dedicated to G.W. Löhr     

Differences in gallstone structure in primary common bile duct lithiasis and gallbladder lithiasis

Summary Some differences between gallbladder lithiasis and primary common bile duct lithiasis are described. Microbiological cultures and biochemical analyses were carried out on the bile of two groups of patients: 27 suffering from gallbladder and 5 from primary common duct lithiasis. The microstructure and composition of gallstones were also examined by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Women predominated in gallbladder lithiasis but not in primary common duct lithiasis group (P<0.05) and body weight was higher in the former group (P<0.02). Primary common duct lithiasis patients had a higher, although not significant, incidence of duodenal diverticulosis (P=0.15), and a higher incidence ofE. coli-positive cultures in bile (P<0.001). No significant difference in the biochemical composition of the bile was found between the groups. Brown pigment stones predominated in primary common duct lithiasis, while cholesterol stones did in gallbladder and secondary common duct lithiasis (P<0.0001). Stones formed in the gallbladder generally show linear, radial growths of cholesterol crystals, while those from the common duct present a polystratified, concentric deposition of microgranules composed mainly of pigmentary salts.These differences should be taken into account as additional criteria in the differential diagnosis between primary and secondary common duct lithiasis, as the classical criteria for diagnosing of the former greatly underestimate its actual incidence. The distinction between primary and secondary common duct lithiasis is of practical significance, since each entity requires different treatment.Abbreviations CBD common bile duct - CBDL common bile duct lithiasis - ERCP endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography - GBL gallbladder lithiasis - HDL high density lipoproteins - PCBDL primary common bile duct lithiasis - SCBDL secondary common bile duct lithiasis - SGOT serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase - SGPT serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase     

Corticosteroid therapy in biliary atresia

Sixteen patients with biliary atresia had 44 steroid courses for treatment of cholangitis or diminution of bile flow following Kasai hepatic portoenterostomy operations. A "blast" type (high dose/short duration) steroid administration was employed to potentiate the choleretic and anti-inflammatory effect. There was a significant augmentation of bile flow and a reduction in maximum temperature, serum bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase.     

皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术治疗肝胆管结石 和胆管狭窄的临床研究

目的：总结皮下通道型胆囊肝胆管成形术的临床效果。方法：统计了1994年以来我院76例行STHG手术患者的适应症、临床效果及术后早期并发症。并选择同期实施的125 列行传统胆肠吻合（CJ）的患者进行对照。结果：STHG的手术适应症与传统胆肠吻合基本相同;STHG组患者的手术时间、住院时间、术中出血量明显少于CJ组,术后恢复良好,仅2例次并发症。结论;该术式既保存了胆囊及Oddi括约肌功能,又保证了胆汁的生理流向;防止了肠液的反,所以避免了消化功能紊乱,防止了反 流性胆管炎,对患者的影响小,是一种较为理想的治疗肝胆管结石和肝门胆管狭窄的术式。     

皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合术治疗区域性肝胆管结石27例报告

目的：为了解决传统胆肠内引流术在治疗区域性肝胆管结石中的诸多不足。方法：设计并应用了 一种新技术式以皮下通道型胆囊肝总管吻合术替代胆肠内引流术。在切除肝脏区域性结石病灶后, 切开肝总管约1．5cm,将胆囊壶腹部切开相应大小的切口与之吻合,并适当游离胆囊,使其底部可被固定于切口皮下,建立皮下胆囊与肝内外胆管间的吻合通道。结果：已完成该术式的27例患者,手术顺利,术后恢复良好,未发现并发症。1例患者于术后1年零9个月,肝内再次发现结石且伴胆道感染症状,急诊局麻下切开皮下胆囊通道行胆道镜取石,效果满意。结论：该术式简单、方便、易行,既能保存胆囊、胆管、Oddi括约肌及胃肠道的正常生理功能, 又为术后结石复发或残留提供了一治疗新途径,且避免了传统肠吻合术的不足,因而不治疗区域性肝胆管结石的较理想的方法。     

肝切除术治疗区域性肝内胆管结石

目的 探讨肝内区域性胆管结石肝切除术的适应症、方法、效果。方法 对本科2年来14例肝内区域性胆管结石实行肝叶切除术进行系统回顾。结果 肝内胆管结石伴有肝内胆管狭窄、胆管慢性炎症、肝实质受损表现;肝叶切除后,结石清除率达100％,手术后症状很快缓解,围手术期渡过平稳,近期随访无复发。结论 对肝内区域性结石患者采用肝叶或肝段切除是一种有效、安全、彻底的治疗方法;对伴有肝内部分胆管狭窄梗阻的,有胆管炎症状的,有肝组织受损的患者应尽早实施。     

纤维胆管镜治疗术后残余结石320例分析

（1）目的 总结320例胆管术后,经T管窦道纤维胆管镜治疗残余结石的经验。（2）方法 对320例胆管术后残余结石病人行纤维胆管镜取石,分析其临床表现并予以随访。（3）结果 结石取净287例,失败33例,（4）结论 纤维胆管镜对于术后胆管残余结石的治疗起着重要作用。     

输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石治疗泌尿系结石（附301例报告）

目的：输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗泌尿系结石的临床疗效。方法：1997年5月－2001年4月期间对276例输尿管结石,25例尿道结石采用输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石治疗。结果：输尿管结石碎石成功率97．1％（268／276）,并发症发生率1．45％（4／276）,主要为输尿管穿孔,尿道结石成功率100％,结论：输尿管镜直视下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石,尿道结石临床疗效确切,尤其适用于泌尿系结石的急诊处理。