匹诺塞林缓解大鼠肝细胞系BRL-3A低氧/复氧损伤

目的探讨匹诺塞林(PIN)对低氧/复氧(H/R)诱导的大鼠肝细胞损伤的保护作用及其可能机制。方法将大鼠肝细胞(BRL-3A细胞系)分为正常对照组、PIN实验组、低氧复氧损伤模型组和PIN预处理组。CCK-8检测细胞存活率;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法流式细胞计量术检测细胞凋亡;检测细胞培养液中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性;ELISA检测TNF-α和IL-1β含量;Western blot检测细胞中TLR4、IκB-α和NF-κB P65蛋白水平;RT-q PCR检测细胞中TLR4、IκB-α和NF-κB P65mRNA表达。结果在H/R条件下细胞存活率明显降低(P0.01),细胞凋亡率增高(P0.001),ALT活性升高(P0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α含量增多(P0.01),TLR4和NF-κB P65蛋白与mRNA表达水平显著提高(P0.01)而IκB-α降低(P0.05);经PIN预处理后,细胞存活率显著提高(P0.01),细胞凋亡率显著减小(P0.001),ALT活性降低(P0.01),IL-1β和TNF-α含量降低(P0.01),TLR4和NF-κB P65蛋白与mRNA表达水平明显降低(P0.01)而IκB-α升高(P0.05)。结论 PIN对H/R诱导的BRL-3A肝细胞的损伤具有保护作用,且该作用可能是通过TLR4/NF-κB信号通路实现的。     

低氧培养促进大鼠髓核间质干细胞增殖

目的研究低氧培养对大鼠髓核间质干细胞(NPMSCs)增殖的影响。方法分离大鼠尾椎髓核获得NPMSCs并进行体外扩增培养,观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪鉴定细胞免疫表型。取第3代NPMSCs分为常氧组和2%低氧组,分别培养7 d及14 d,观察细胞形态;MTT法检测细胞增殖;流式细胞仪检测细胞活力和RT-q PCR检测低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)、葡萄糖转运蛋白1(GLUT-1)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、沉默信息调节蛋白1(SIRT1)及SIRT6的mRNA表达情况。结果原代NPMSCs细胞早期可形成葵花样细胞集落,传代后细胞增殖明显加快,细胞形态以纺锤形为主。第3代细胞高表达干细胞相关阳性表面抗原分子,低表达干细胞相关阴性表面抗原分子。低氧组细胞形态以多角形为主,细胞更容易聚集成团块,且细胞增殖速度明显加快(P0.05),细胞凋亡率明显下降(P0.05)。低氧组HIF-1α、VEGF、GLUT-1、SIRT1及SIRT6表达量明显高于常氧组(P0.05)。结论 2%O2的低氧环境促进髓核间质干细胞增殖,其机制可能与SIRT1及SIRT6介导的HIF-1α信号通路有关。     

Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on the Global Myocardial Performance Beyond Obesity

We aimed to assess the impact of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on the left ventricular (LV) function independent of obesity using the myocardial performance index (Tei index) and the global longitudinal LV strain (GLS) and its reversibility after surgery. Twenty‐five newly diagnosed OSA patients, normal weight (n = 15) and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25; n = 20) controls without OSA were enrolled and underwent transthoracic echocardiographic evaluation. The OSA and obese groups had a significantly comparable increased BMI and LV chamber dimension, prolonged isovolumic relaxation time, reduced early mitral filling velocity, and increased late mitral filling velocity and Tei index as compared to the normal weight group. However, GLS was significantly reduced only in the OSA group (–16.5 ± 1.9%) as compared to the normal weight group (–20.6 ± 2.0%, P < 0.001) and obese group (–19.1 ± 2.5%, P < 0.001). As a treatment, 13 of 25 patients underwent surgical modification, and the follow‐up echocardiogram revealed significantly improved Tei index and GLS as compared to baseline (0.37 ± 0.06 and –18.9 ± 3.3% vs. 0.42 ± 0.04 and –16.3 ± 2.4%, P = 0.006 and 0.031, respectively), which was comparable to the obese controls. A reduction in the apnea‐hypopnea index had a significant effect on the improvement in the GLS (r = 0.73, P < 0.001). LV systolic and diastolic function significantly deteriorated in the patients with OSA beyond obesity, and an improvement in the LV function was observed within 6 months after the surgical modification. GLS is considered to be one of the parameters that can be used in the early detection of LV systolic dysfunction in patients with OSA and a normal ejection fraction.     

慢性间歇性低压低氧对老年大鼠自发运动行为及黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的:用慢性间歇性低压低氧(CIHH)模型,探讨CIHH对老年大鼠自发运动行为以及黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。方法:用CIHH模型处理老年大鼠30 d,通过旷场实验检测大鼠自发运动行为的改变,通过实时定量PCR和免疫印迹检测黑质多巴胺能神经元酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和多巴胺转运体(DAT)表达的变化。结果:老年组大鼠旷场实验中闻嗅行为、探索行为、运动行为和理毛行为与成年组相比均显著下降,CIHH处理后理毛行为没有改变,闻嗅行为、探索行为和运动行为显著改善,但没有达到成年组水平;老年组大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元TH和DAT的表达与成年组相比均显著下降,老年CIHH组TH和DAT的表达升高,但没有达到成年组水平。结论:CIHH可改善老年大鼠闻嗅行为、探索行为和运动行为,并提高黑质多巴胺能神经元TH和DAT的表达。     

间歇性低氧大鼠模型心肌氧化应激损伤变化及依达拉奉的干预作用

目的:通过建立间歇性低氧(IH)大鼠模型,探讨IH对大鼠心肌氧化应激损伤的影响及其可能作用机制,并进一步了解依达拉奉的干预作用,为临床阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征及其相关心血管并发症的研究及防治提供新思路。方法:选取健康雄性Wistar大鼠80只,随机分为正常对照(NC)组、IH组、IH+依达拉奉组、IH+生理盐水(NS)组,每组20只。采用气体控制装置向密闭模拟舱中充入氮气、氧气及压缩空气的方法建立IH大鼠模型。造模4周后,检测大鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)及心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、羟自由基的含量;测定心肌细胞线粒体腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(ATP)水平;光镜、透射电镜观察心肌形态学及超微结构改变;反转录-聚合酶链反应技术检测心肌组织Bcl-2、Bax、半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3) mRNA的表达情况。结果:(1)与NC组相比,IH组及IH+NS组LDH、CK、CK-MB、MDA、羟自由基含量明显增加,Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA表达明显升高( P值均<0.05);而SOD活力显著降低,ATP含量显著减少,Bcl-2 mRNA表达明显下降( P值均<0.05)。(2)光镜和透射电镜下,NC组心肌组织未见明显损伤,而IH组及IH+NS组心肌组织的形态学及超微结构均受损。(3)经依达拉奉干预后,血清LDH、CK、CK-MB及心肌组织MDA、羟自由基含量明显降低,Bax、Caspase-3 mRNA表达下降( P值均<0.05);SOD活力明显升高,ATP含量增加,Bcl-2 mRNA表达水平升高( P值均<0.05);且光镜及电镜下心肌组织损伤程度得到一定缓解。(4)心肌细胞Caspase-3 mRNA表达水平与CK( r=0.575)、CK-MB( r=0.460)、MDA( r=0.643)、羟自由基( r=0.454)、Bax mRNA( r=0.741)呈正相关,与ATP( r=-0.525)、Bcl-2 mRNA( r=-0.578)呈负相关。 结论:(1)IH可通过增加氧化物、降低抗氧化物及激活Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3引起大鼠心肌氧化应激损伤;(2)IH所致的心肌氧化应激损伤可能通过线粒体介导的细胞凋亡实现;(3)依达拉奉对IH所致的大鼠心肌损伤具有干预作用。     

低氧对人单核细胞白血病细胞株U937细胞增殖的影响及其作用机制的初步研究

【目的】初步探讨低氧对人单核细胞白血病细胞株U937细胞增殖的影响和作用机制。【方法】将培养的细胞分为常氧对照组、低氧8h组、低氧12h组、低氧24h组。MTT比色法检测细胞增殖率、RT-PCR和Western-blot方法分别检测低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达、激光共聚焦显微镜观察HIF-1α核转位现象。【结果】①相对于对照组,低氧8h组、低氧12h组和低氧24h组细胞存活率明显下降(P<0.01),并且随着低氧时间的延长存活率逐渐下降,各组之间的差异有显著性(P<0.01);②HIF-1α mRNA和蛋白在对照组有少量的表达,随着低氧时间的延长,其表达增加(P<0.05);③相对于对照组,低氧组细胞内HIF-1α的表达增加,并且向核内转移,随着低氧时间的延长核内HIF-1α逐渐增多。【结论】低氧可通过影响HIF-1α的表达和调节其活性而达到抑制U937细胞株增殖的作用。HIF-1α介导的信号传导通路在白血病细胞的发生和增殖过程中可能起到关键的调控作用。     

High-resolution photoacoustic tomography of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain

The increasing use of mouse models for human brain disease studies presents an emerging need for a new functional imaging modality. Using optical excitation and acoustic detection, we developed a functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography system, which allows noninvasive imaging of resting-state functional connectivity in the mouse brain, with a large field of view and a high spatial resolution. Bilateral correlations were observed in eight functional regions, including the olfactory bulb, limbic, parietal, somatosensory, retrosplenial, visual, motor, and temporal regions, as well as in several subregions. The borders and locations of these regions agreed well with the Paxinos mouse brain atlas. By subjecting the mouse to alternating hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions, strong and weak functional connectivities were observed, respectively. In addition to connectivity images, vascular images were simultaneously acquired. These studies show that functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography is a promising, noninvasive technique for functional imaging of the mouse brain.Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is an emerging neuroimaging approach that aims to identify low-frequency, spontaneous cerebral hemodynamic fluctuations and their associated functional connections (1, 2). Recent research suggests that these fluctuations are highly correlated with local neuronal activity (3, 4). The spontaneous fluctuations relate to activity that is intrinsically generated by the brain, instead of activity attributable to specific tasks or stimuli (2). A hallmark of functional organization in the cortex is the striking bilateral symmetry of corresponding functional regions in the left and right hemispheres (5). This symmetry also exists in spontaneous resting-state hemodynamics, where strong correlations are found interhemispherically between bilaterally homologous regions as well as intrahemispherically within the same functional regions (3). Clinical studies have demonstrated that RSFC is altered in brain disorders such as stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, autism, and epilepsy (6–12). These diseases disrupt the healthy functional network patterns, most often reducing correlations between functional regions. Due to its task-free nature, RSFC imaging requires neither stimulation of the subject nor performance of a task during imaging (13). Thus, it can be performed on patients under anesthesia (14), on patients unable to perform cognitive tasks (15, 16), and even on patients with brain injury (17, 18).RSFC imaging is also an appealing technique for studying brain diseases in animal models, in particular the mouse, a species that holds the largest variety of neurological disease models (3, 13, 19, 20). Compared with clinical studies, imaging genetically modified mice allows exploration of molecular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of neurological disorders (21). The connection between RSFC maps and neurological disorders permits testing and validation of new therapeutic approaches. However, conventional neuroimaging modalities cannot easily be applied to mice. For instance, in functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) (22), the resting-state brain activity is determined via the blood-oxygen-level–dependent (BOLD) signal contrast, which originates mainly from deoxy-hemoglobin (23). The correlation analysis central to functional connectivity requires a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, achieving a sufficient SNR is made challenging by the high magnetic fields and small voxel size needed for imaging the mouse brain, as well as the complexity of compensating for field inhomogeneities caused by tissue–bone or tissue–air boundaries (24). Functional connectivity mapping with optical intrinsic signal imaging (fcOIS) was recently introduced as an alternative method to image functional connectivity in mice (3, 20). In fcOIS, changes in hemoglobin concentrations are determined based on changes in the reflected light intensity from the surface of the brain (3, 25). Therefore, neuronal activity can be measured through the neurovascular response, similar to the method used in fcMRI. However, due to the diffusion of light in tissue, the spatial resolution of fcOIS is limited, and experiments have thus far been performed using an exposed skull preparation, which increases the complexity for longitudinal imaging.Photoacoustic imaging of the brain is based on the acoustic detection of optical absorption from tissue chromophores, such as oxy-hemoglobin (HbO₂) and deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) (26, 27). This imaging modality can simultaneously provide high-resolution images of the brain vasculature and hemodynamics with intact scalp (28, 29). In this article, we perform functional connectivity photoacoustic tomography (fcPAT) to study RSFC in live mice under either hyperoxic or hypoxic conditions, as well as in dead mice. Our experiments show that fcPAT is able to detect connectivities between different functional regions and even between subregions, promising a powerful functional imaging modality for future brain research.     

低氧对人喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞凋亡的影响及其机制探讨

目的 观察低氧对人喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞凋亡的影响,并探讨其机制.方法 将体外培养的人喉鳞癌细胞分为常氧组、低氧组.流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率,RT-PCR及Western blot法分别检测各组细胞低氧诱导因子α（HIF-1α）、赖氨酰氧化酶（LOX）mRNA及蛋白.结果 常氧组细胞凋亡率13.86％±0.12％、低氧组5.13％±0.67％,P≤0.05.与常氧组比较,低氧组细胞中HIF-1 α、LOX蛋白及其mRNA表达增加（P均≤0.05）,且二者表达呈正相关（r均为0.862,P均≤0.05）.结论 低氧可抑制Hep-2细胞凋亡,该作用可能与其上调细胞中HIF-1α、LOX表达有关.