重视新生儿窒息防治工作 降低围产新生儿死亡率

目的　实现中国儿童发展规划纲要中降低婴儿死亡率的首要目标 ,提高生命质量。方法　自 1996年起 ,吉林省妇幼保健院行政部门将做好新生儿窒息的防治工作作为评价产、儿科工作质量的重要指标 ,产、儿科合作 ,对胎儿宫内缺氧早期诊断及处理 ,同时全面实施新生儿窒息新法复苏技术。结果　新生儿窒息病死率下降 10 0 %。新生儿窒息发生率、重度窒息发生率 ,窒息儿病死率、围产新生儿死亡率等经 SPSS统计软件处理显示差异有显著或极显著意义。结论　全面做好新生儿窒息防治工作是围产医学系统工程管理的重要组成部分 ,行政部门从理论到实践的高度重视 ,加强科学管理 ,是坚持推广普及应用新技术 ,实现降低新生儿窒息的发生率、病死率和围产新生儿死亡率的关键。     

围产期窒息新生儿血清肌酸磷酸激酶的临床意义探讨

目的:探讨围产期窒息新生儿血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)的临床意义。方法:用酶偶联测定法分别检测122例窒息新生儿及20例健康对照组24h内血清CPK水平并进行分析。结果:窒息组血清CPK均高于对照组(P<0.01);42例窒息儿并发新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE),其CPK值明显高于其它未并发HIE的窒息新生儿(P<0.01)。其中16例并发中-重度HIE,26例并发轻度HIE,并发中-重度HIE的CPK值明显高于并发轻度HIE的窒息儿(P<0.01);39例窒息新生儿并发多脏器功能不全(MODS),并发MODS的窒息新生儿的血清CK明显高于未并发MODS的窒息新生儿。结论:测定围产窒息新生儿的血清CPK有助于预测窒息新生儿并发HIE及MODS的可能性,有助于HIE的临床分度。     

窒息新生儿32例胃排空及胃动素、一氧化氮变化的临床观察

目的探讨窒息对新生儿胃排空功能的影响.方法采用B型实时超声显像法观察32例窒息新生儿餐后胃窦纵切面积的动态变化,并检测餐前及餐后半小时血中胃动素、一氧化氮(NO)水平,同时与10例正常新生儿比较.结果与正常组相比,轻度窒息组10%、50%、100%胃排空时间及餐前、餐后胃动素、NO水平无明显变化,差异无显著性意义(均为P＞0.05),而重度窒息组胃排空时间明显延长,餐前、餐后胃动素、N水平明显升高,差异有极显著意义(均为P＜0.01).结论重度窒息新生儿胃排空延迟,与胃动素、NO的变化有关.     

Post-resuscitation management of asphyxiated neonates

Inspite of major advances in monitoring technology and knowledge of fetal and perinatal medicine, perinatal asphyxia is one of the significant causes of mortality and long term morbidity. Data from National Neonatal Perinatal Database suggests that perinatal asphyxia contributes to almost 20% of neonatal deaths in India. “Failure to initiate or sustain respiration after birth” has been defined as criteria for the diagnosis of asphyxia by WHO. Perinatal asphyxia results in hypoxic injury to various organs including kindneys, lungs and liver but the most serious effects are seen on the central nervous system. Levene’s classification is a useful clinical tool for grading the severity of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Good supportive care is essential in the first 48 hours after asphyxia to prevent ongoing brain injury in the penumbra region. Strict monitoring and prompt correction is needed for common problems including temperature maintenance, blood sugars, blood pressure and oxygenation. Phenobarbitone is the drug of choice for the treatment of convulsions.     

Optimizing chest compressions during delivery-room resuscitation

There is a paucity of data to support the recommendations for cardiac compressions for the newly born. Techniques, compression to ventilation ratios, hand placement, and depth of compression guidelines are generally based on expert consensus, physiologic plausibility, and data from pediatric and adult models.     

Long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences of neonatal encephalopathy following perinatal asphyxia: a review

Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) following perinatal asphyxia (PA) is considered an important cause of later neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born at term. This review discusses long-term consequences for general cognitive functioning, educational achievement, neuropsychological functioning and behavior. In all areas reviewed, the outcome of children with mild NE is consistently positive and the outcome of children with severe NE consistently negative. However, children with moderate NE form a more heterogeneous group with respect to outcome. On average, intelligence scores are below those of children with mild NE and age-matched peers, but within the normal range. With respect to educational achievement, difficulties have been found in the domains reading, spelling and arithmetic/mathematics. So far, studies of neuropsychological functioning have yielded ambiguous results in children with moderate NE. A few studies suggest elevated rates of hyperactivity in children with moderate NE and autism in children with moderate and severe NE. Conclusion: Behavioral monitoring is required for all children with NE. In addition, systematic, detailed neuropsychological examination is needed especially for children with moderate NE.     

窒息新生儿多器官血流动力学和心脏功能的研究

目的 研究新生儿多脏器损伤的机理,提供早期诊断方法。方法 应用Ｕｌｔｒａｍａｒｋ－９（ＨＤＩ）采用超声诊断仪等研究同一窒息儿脑、肾、胃肠血流动力学和心脏功能的变化。结果：（１）新生儿窒息后各脏器血流灌流量均减少,但程度不一致,以肠道最先受累且程度重恢复最慢;（２）心功能障碍是窒息的常见并发症,其特点是舒张功能首先受累,收缩功能障碍则右室重于左室;（３）低氧血症是新生儿窒息的病理生理基础,且与各脏器     

Tonsillitis and sudden childhood death

Critical reduction in upper airway diameter may result from tonsillar enlargement due to infection or from associated abscess formation. Other potentially lethal complications include hemorrhage and disseminated sepsis. Two cases are reported to illustrate features of specific cases: Case 1: a 12-year-old girl who exsanguinated from a pharyngocarotid fistula caused by a retropharyngeal abscess due to acute tonsillitis, and Case 2: a 17-year-old girl who asphyxiated from an aspirated blood clot following tonsillectomy. While most cases of acute tonsillitis resolve without sequelae, occasional cases may be associated with a lethal outcome. Massive hemorrhage may occur due to erosion of tonsillar vessels or subjacent larger vessels, or it may follow surgical extirpation of the tonsils. The autopsy assessment of cases where there has been possible lethal tonsillar pathology requires review of the presenting history and possible operative procedures, with careful dissection of Waldeyer's ring, adjacent soft tissues and major vessels. Presentations may not be straightforward and there may be misleading histories of epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematemesis and even melena.     

The value of serum pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in the assessment of asphyxia in term neonates

Objective: Asphyxia is a major cause of disabilities in term-born infants. Here we have explored the value in HIE (hypoxic-ischemic-encephalopathy) of using a combination of serum pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance (PAB) assay for predicting the prognosis of asphyxia.

Method: Ninety term neonates with asphyxia were enrolled and followed up for two years. Serum PAB, demographic/biochemical characteristics of mothers, and their neonates were determined. The Denver II test was used to assess outcomes.

Results: Of the 90 asphyxiated neonates, 47 (52.2%) had a normal outcome and 43 babies (47.8%) had abnormal outcome. Serum PAB levels in neonates with normal and abnormal outcomes were 17.1?±?9.23 and 48.27?±?41.30 HK, respectively. A combination of HIE intensity and PAB, compared to other indicators, had a higher predictive-value (95.2%) for outcomes in asphyxiated babies.

Conclusion: We demonstrate that PAB in combination with HIE grade may have a better predictive value for the prognosis of asphyxiated babies and predicting future neurologic problems in asphyxiated term infants.