ROS清除剂在细菌抗生素耐受中的作用研究进展

活性氧簇(ROS)是生物在有氧环境中进行能量代谢时产生的一类分子的总称，ROS不仅在动物、植物以及细菌的生理过程中发挥着重要的作用，也在研究抗生素杀菌和细菌耐药性的产生上有着重要的功能，添加ROS清除剂有助于我们更好的研究ROS在细菌对抗菌剂耐受中的作用。本文主要通过对常见的ROS清除剂过氧化氢酶、硫脲、联吡啶、DMSO、褪黑素和其他较为常见的清除剂等化合物在抗生素杀菌过程中的作用机制、ROS清除剂添加对细菌耐受性的影响及其他生理作用进行综述，旨在对这些常见的ROS清除剂的不同功能和缺点进行一个更广泛和深入的了解，以便我们在选用相关ROS清除剂时对其作用机理有较为清楚的了解从而选取合适的ROS清除剂。     

局限性侵袭性牙周炎患者早期全身应用抗生素的临床意义

目的:探讨即刻使用抗生素和延期使用抗生素对局限性侵袭性牙周炎患者临床指标的影响。方法:根据传统使用抗生素两个时间段,将82例患者分为两组,在根面刮治及平整术(SRP)术后立即使用抗生素组和3月复诊支持治疗后使用抗生素组,回顾性研究评价两组临床指标的变化。结果:两组在6月时临床指标均显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),立即组3月、6月时间段较基线比较显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),延迟组3月较基线改善无明显统计学差异。结论:对局限性侵袭性牙周炎早期使用抗生素对控制病情非常有利。     

中西结合治疗84例盆腔炎疗效分析

盆腔炎主要是由于阴道内菌群内源性病原体以及来自外界外源性病原体引发。该病是中老年女性的常见病、多发病。该病反复缠绵，单一治疗久治难愈。发作期疼痛难隐，病情险恶。近年来我院采用中西结合用药，取得满意的临床效果。抗生素的恰当使用有利于尽快杀死致病菌。中药内服外用有利于健脾益气，清热解毒。诸药合力，起到＂消炎止痛、清热除湿，解毒祛邪＂显著效果。     

Cold-active antibacterial and antifungal activities and antibiotic resistance of bacteria isolated from an alpine hydrocarbon-contaminated industrial site

Selection pressure in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils may lead not only to increased microbial resistance to antibiotics, but also to increased capacity of the soil indigenous population to produce antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, we studied the antibiotic resistance pattern and antibacterial and/or antifungal activities of 47 bacterial strains isolated from an industrial alpine site heavily polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons. Resistance to penicillin was more widespread (49%) than resistance to chloramphenicol or rifampicin (28%) or streptomycin (26%). Only 9% of the strains were resistant to tetracycline. The ability to produce cold-active (10 °C) antimicrobial compounds was tested by using human pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella enterica, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) and yeasts (Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans) as indicator microorganisms. About two-thirds of the 47 tested strains produced compounds that inhibited growth of at least one indicator microorganism. Six strains inhibited growth of both bacteria and yeast indicators; 12 and 16 strains showed either antibacterial or antifungal activity, respectively. The most versatile bacteria with regard to multiple antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial activity belonged to Actinobacteria or Gammaproteobacteria. The antimicrobial compounds produced by three Pseudomonas spp. and two Serratia spp. strains were characterized in more detail by TLC and HPLC. Depending on the sensitivity of growth inhibition to enzymes, the compounds produced by the three pseudomonads contained a proteinaceous component.     

Pharmaceutical and personal care products as emerging environmental contaminants in Nigeria: A systematic review

The increasingly broad and massive use of pharmaceuticals (human, veterinary) and personal care products in industrially developing nations makes their uncontrolled environmental and ecological impact a true concern. Focusing on Nigeria, this systematic literature search (databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane library and African Journals Online) aims to increase visibility to the issue. Among 275 articles identified, 7 were included in this systematic review. Studies indicated the presence of 11 personal care products (15.94 %) and 58 pharmaceutical products (84.06 %) in surface and ground water, leachates, runoffs, sludge, and sediments. The 42.86% (3/7) of reviewed studies reported 17 analgesics; 71.42 % (5/7) reported 16 antibiotics; 28.57 % (2/7) reported 5 lipid lowering drugs; 28.57% reported anti-malaria and fungal drugs; 14.29 % (1/7) reported estrogen drugs. Different studies report on sunscreen products, hormone, phytosterol, insect repellent, and β1 receptor. Gemfibrozil (<4–730 ng/L), Triclosan (55.1–297.7 ng/L), Triclocarban (35.6–232.4 ng/L), Trimethoprim (<1–388 ng/L) and Tramadol (<2–883 ng/L) had the highest range of concentrations. Findings confirm the need of i) legislation for environmental monitoring, including biota, ii) toxicological profiling of new market products, and iii) sensitization on appropriate use and disposal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products.     

Switching from intravenous to oral antibiotics in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: A real-world analysis 2010–2018

The Japanese Respiratory Society 2017 guidelines strongly recommend switching from intravenous (IV) to oral antibiotics in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), following improvement in clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Here, we retrospectively investigated the real-world, nationwide treatment and switching patterns for hospitalized patients with CAP in Japan using administrative data from 372 Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination hospitals from April 2010 to December 2018. Hospitalizations for CAP (patient age ≥20 years) with an A-DROP classification for CAP severity and IV antibiotics initiated on the admission date were included. Overall, 210,314 hospitalizations (moderate CAP: 61.7%) in 183,607 patients were analyzed. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) age at admission was 79 (70–86) years. Penicillin (51.9%) and cephalosporin (38.9%) were the most common IV antibiotic classes used and the median (IQR) duration of IV use was 8 (6–11) days. Switching to oral antibiotics during a hospitalization occurred in 30.1% (n = 63,311) of patients after a median (IQR) of 7 (5–10) days of IV treatment. The most frequently used oral antibiotic classes after a switch were fluoroquinolone (45.9%) and penicillin (24.8%). The switch rate was higher among hospitalizations with milder CAP, in respiratory medicine ward and in larger hospitals. The overall switch rates did not change over the study period. The findings from this analysis suggest that early switch from IV to oral antibiotics was not widely implemented during the 8 years of the study period. Further observation will be needed to see the potential impact of the guidelines update in 2017 in Japan.