Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and therapeutic implications

Widespread antibiotic resistance has been recognized in Escherichia coli isolates from human, animal and environmental sources. Although prevalence rates for resistant E. coli strains are significantly distinct for various populations and environments, the impact of resistance to antimicrobial drugs is ubiquitous. This article provides information about the epidemiology, mechanisms and molecular principles of resistance, shows consequences for the antiinfective treatment of selected infections and describes measures to control the spread of antibiotic-resistant E. coli.     

Reduction of systemic fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies,neutropenia, and prolonged fever by early amphotericin B therapy

Summary A rate on autopsy of up to 30% systemic fungal infections and difficulties in diagnosing systemic mycosis antemortem have led to the empiric use of amphotericin B in patients with hematological malignancies, prolonged fever, and neutropenia. Routine empiric antifungal treatment was initiated in our institution in 1982. Amphotericin B was given to granulocytopenic patients with hematological malignancies with (a) unremitting fever after 48–72 h of antibiotic treatment, (b) recurrent fever during antibiotic treatment, or (c) with newly detected pulmonary infiltrates, sinusitis, skin and retinal lesions suggestive of a fungal infection. With this approach the rate of systemic fungal infections decreased significantly from 10% (27 of 270 patients; 1973–1981) to 4% (6 of 153 patients; 1982–1986,P<0.02). The reduction of systemic fungal infections was most prominent in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, where its proportion decreased from 16% (16 of 98 patients; 1973–1981) to 4% (2 of 50 patients; 1982–1986,P<0.023). Our data support the hypothesis that the incidence of systemic fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies and especially in acute myelogenous leukemia can be reduced significantly by empirical treatment with amphotericin B.     

外科常见腹腔感染多学科诊治专家共识

腹腔感染是临床常见的急危重症之一,其诊治涉及外科、重症医学、感染、检验、临床药学等多个学科,包括局部病灶处置、病原学检测、抗菌药物合理应用及因感染导致的全身各系统异常状况纠正等过程,具有特殊性及复杂性。本共识参考国内外最新进展并结合临床经验,以问题为导向,以循证为基础,对急性阑尾炎、上消化道穿孔、下消化道穿孔、急性胆道感染、肝脓肿、重症急性胰腺炎、胰瘘、胆瘘、吻合口瘘、内镜诊治后消化道穿孔等外科常见腹腔感染的诊断、病原学检测、外科及抗菌药物治疗等临床热点问题进行评述,并根据证据等级提出诊治相关的推荐意见,旨在规范外科常见腹腔感染的诊疗行为,在临床决策、抗菌药物应用等方面为临床医师提供参考及指导,以提高诊治水平并改善患者预后。     

Reimbursement models to tackle market failures for antimicrobials: Approaches taken in France,Germany, Sweden,the United Kingdom,and the United States

IntroductionThe pipeline of new antibacterials remains limited. Reasons include low research investments, limited commercial prospects, and scientific challenges. To complement existing initiatives such as research grants, governments are exploring policy options for providing new market incentives to drug developers.Materials and methodsReimbursement interventions for antibacterials in France, Germany, Sweden, US, and UK were reviewed and analysed by the authors.ResultsIn France, Germany, and the US, implemented interventions centre on providing exceptions in cost-containment mechanisms to allow higher prices for certain antibacterials. In the US, also, certain antibacterials are granted additional years of protection from generic competition (exclusivity) and faster regulatory review. The UK is piloting a model that will negotiate contracts with manufacturers to pay a fixed annual fee for ongoing supply of as many units as needed. Sweden is piloting a model that will offer manufacturers of selected antibacterials contracts that would guarantee a minimum annual revenue. A similar model of guaranteed minimal annual revenues is under consideration in the US (PASTEUR Act).ConclusionsThe UK and Sweden are piloting entirely novel procurement and reimbursement models. Existing interventions in the US, France, and Germany represent important, but relatively minor interventions. More countries should explore the use of novel models and international coordination will be important for ‘pull’ incentives to be effective. If adopted, the PASTEUR legislation in the US would constitute a significant ‘pull’ incentive.     

关于剖宫产预防性应用抗生素问题探讨

总结我院１９９６年１０月至１９９７年２月共４个月的剖宫产病例１６３例,预防性应用抗生素的情况。对其中１０６例术前已破膜的病人选用青霉素Ｇ加０．５％甲硝唑静滴三天,或头孢西丁静推一次,剖宫产术后感染率分别为１１％、２０％,两组间无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。对５７例术前未破膜的病人预防性应用青霉素Ｇ加０．５％甲硝唑静滴三天,与维生素ｃ静滴组对照,剖宫产术后感染率为９％、８％,亦无显著性差异（Ｐ〉０．     

老年人肺癌并发院内获得性肺炎的临床研究

目的为探讨老年人肺癌院内获得性肺炎的临床特点、病原菌及耐药情况,为临床提供依据。方法分析72例老年人肺癌并发院内获得性肺炎的临床资料。结果老年人肺癌平均住院日期延长,化疗时不合理使用抗菌药物,发生院内获得性肺炎的机会最大。主要病原菌为G~-杆菌占80.70％,其中以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌为主,其次为表皮葡萄球菌占10.53％。病原菌对氨苄青霉素、哌拉西林、头孢菌素耐药性增加,对亚胺培南、万古霉素、阿米卡星敏感。病死率达30.56％。结论老年人肺癌免疫功能低下,住院日期延长,不合理使用抗生素是造成院内感染的主要因素。病原菌的耐药率呈增加趋势,病死率较高。     

伤寒杆菌的耐药性及其变迁

目的：通过对一综合性教学医院１９９１～１９９８年间所分离的２２１株伤寒杆菌药敏结果进行分析,以观察其对各种抗生素的耐药率及其变迁。结果发现,伤寒杆菌耐药株占５１．５８％,其中对阿米卡星、氨苄西林、头孢哌酮、氯霉素、头孢唑啉、庆大霉素与环丙沙星的耐药率分别为３．１７％,１３．５８％,０．４５％,７．６９％,９．９６％,１８．８２％与０．９０％;八年中除对头孢唑啉耐率药有逐渐下降趋势外,对其余各类抗生素的耐药率均无明显规律变化。     

凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌医院感染的研究

目的 :防治凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌医院内感染。方法 :用经典生理生化鉴定方法 ,对各种临床标本分离到的96株凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌 (CNS)进行种的鉴定、药敏试验和葡萄球菌粘质的检测。结果 :分离到 7种CNS ,其中表皮葡萄球菌占 5 5 .2 % ,溶血葡萄球菌占 2 9.2 %。青霉素耐药率为 6 9.8% ,甲氧西林耐药凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌占CNS的5 8.3 % ,产葡萄球菌粘质菌株占 84.4%。结论 :临床感染CNS中表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌占绝大多数。CNS对多种抗生素耐药 ,治疗其感染应以药敏结果为依据。可选用万古霉素、利福平、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星等药物治疗。     

The anaesthetist as determinant factor of quality of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. A survey in a university hospital.

In actual surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis, the anaesthetist administers the drugs at induction of anaesthesia. In the first phase of our qualityofuse intervention study on antimicrobial drugs in a large university hospital, information on the practice of antimicrobial prophylaxis was needed. The staff of 44 anaesthetists was interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Response rate was 36/44 (82%). The anaesthetists' method of administering surgical prophylaxis was rather uniform and inexpensive: cephalosporins were almost exclusively administered by bolus method. The main reason was that infusion was more cumbersome (range 7785%). Communication between surgeon and anaesthetist was reported to be poor, and in two out of three operating departments, orders of prophylaxis transmitted at or after induction accounted for more than 80%. Seventyseven percent of the responders asked the surgeon if prophylaxis was necessary if they were in doubt; 20% responded that they checked it systematically. The data collected by the inquiry proved useful in the process of optimizing surgical prophylaxis in our hospital.