从临床标本分离出510株病原菌的初步报告

报告１９９４年我院临床标本检出的常见菌及其对抗生素的敏感性变化。结果表明，革兰氏阴性杆菌占检出菌的第一位６３．７２％，革 兰氏阳性菌居第二位２９．４１％。在革兰氏阴性杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌居首位，并占革兰氏阴性杆菌的２９．２３％；大肠艾希氏菌占第二位２２．７７％，不动杆菌占第三位１２．３０％。在革兰氏阳性球菌中，凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌居检出菌的第一位，并占革兰氏阳性球菌的３７．３３％；金黄色葡萄球菌占第二     

Is it possible to prevent bacterial adhesion onto ureteric stents?

The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of bactericidal coatings or immersion in antibiotic solution reduces or prevents bacterial adhesion onto ureteric stents. Precut segments of full silicone, silver-coated and hydrogel-coated ureteric stents were incubated with two uropathogenic bacterial strains with and without previous immersion in antibiotic solution. Tobramycin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin solutions were used, as these antibiotics are commonly administered for the prophylaxis and treatment of urinary tract infection (UTI). Microbiological analysis showed that immersion of ureteric stents in ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin yielded a significant reduction of bacterial adhesion, whereas immersion in tobramycin did not. The surface material of the stents had no direct influence on bacterial adhesion. In this experimental study, neither the silver nor the hydrogel coat reduced bacterial adhesion onto ureteric stents whereas immersion in a suitable antibiotic solution significantly reduced and even prevented this phenomenon, probably due to the adhesion of the antibiotic onto the stent surface. Prevention of bacterial adhesion onto ureteric stents is essential to reduce the risk of UTI in connection with these devices.     

Sterile surgical technique for shunt placement reduces the shunt infection rate in children: preliminary analysis of a prospective protocol in 115 consecutive procedures

Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the rigid application of a sterile protocol for shunt placement was applicable on a routine basis and allowed the reduction of shunt infections (SI) in children. Materials and methods Since 2001, a rigid sterile protocol for shunt placement in children using neither antibiotic-impregnated catheters nor laminar airflow was prospectively applied at Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. For assessing the protocol efficacy before continuation, we preliminarily analyzed the results of the first 100 operated children (43 females, 57 males, 49 aged <12 months; 115 consecutive shunt placement/revision procedures). All procedures were performed by the same senior surgeon, one assistant, one circulating nurse, one anesthesiologist. The sterile protocol was rigidly imposed to these four staff members: uniformed surgical technique; limited implant and skin edge manipulation; minimized human circulation in the room; scheduling surgery as first morning operation; avoiding postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak; double gloving; procedures of less than 30-min duration; systemic antibiotics prophylaxis. We analyzed separately: (1) children carrying an increased risk of SI (n = 38) due to preoperative external ventricular drainage, CSF leak, meningitis, glucocorticoids, chemotherapy; (2) children aged <12 months; (3) procedures for shunt revision. Results Errors in protocol application were recorded in 71/115 procedures. They were mainly done by non-surgical staff, decreased with time and were medically justified in some young children. Surprisingly, no SI occurred (follow-up, 4 to 70 months). One child developed an appendicitis with peritonitis (Streptococcus faecalis) after 6 months. No SI was found. After peritonitis was cured, shunt reinsertion was uneventful. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that a uniform and drastic sterile surgical technique for shunt placement: (1) can be rigidly applied on a routine basis; (2) can lower the early SI rate below 1%; (3) might have a stronger impact to reduce SI than using antibiotic-impregnated catheters and optimizing the operative environment such as using laminar airflow and reducing the non-surgical staff. This last issue will be evaluated further in the present ongoing protocol.     

哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗肾移植患者中重度肺部感染(附35例报告)

目的评价哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗肾移植患者中重度肺部感染的疗效与安全性。方法 对35例肾移植患者应用哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗中重度肺部感染的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 34例存活，1例死亡。哌拉西林/他佐巴坦治疗的有效率是91.43％，细菌清除率为92.59％，不良反应发生率为8.57％，主要是血肌酐轻度升高，但1周后逆转正常。结论 对于肾移植后的中重度肺部感染应给予高度重视和积极救治，及时给予有效的抗生素和联合治疗措施，调整免疫抑制方案和纠正低蛋白血症是治疗成功的关键。     

围手术期抗生素的合理应用

近年来,由于抗生素的滥用导致外科术后感染率明显上升,同时,在医院环境诱导了对抗生素耐药菌株的产生或引起细菌或霉菌的二从感染.为了有效地降低术后感染率,减少抗生素药物的副反应,自2001年1月份开始,我们采用围手术期抗生素的合理运用,与以往同期相比,骨科术后感染率明显下降,副反应减少.……     

安徽省繁昌,铜陵两县门诊抗生素使用分析

在安徽省繁昌与铜陵两县2532名门诊病人访问中,抗生素的使用比例平均为53.l％,抗生素使用种数平均为0.75种,针剂使用比例平均为48.4％,与其他国家的研究结果相比都处于偏高水平。在抗生素使用的种类中,以青霉素类为主,占所有抗感染药物的27.7％。单因素分析结果表明:男性的抗生素使用比例比女性高;随着年龄的增长抗生素使用比例、使用种数与针剂使用比例都是先下降而后上升;学生病人这三种指标都偏高;随着文化水平的提高,这三种指标都有下降的倾向;医疗保险病人抗生素使用比例处于高水平,而自费病人针剂使用比例最高;与乡镇卫生院及村卫生室相比,县医院这三种指标都处于低水平;而儿科病人这三种指标都处于高水平。多因素分析结果表明:县医院、去医院的目的是看病、教育程度、农民、妇产科、文教卫生人员、外科、预防接种及离、退休人员等因素对抗生素使用的数量都有影响,但仅看病这项因素是正向作用,而其他因素都是负向作用。     

Prevalence and correlates of diphtheria toxoid antibodies in children and adults in Israel

A seroepidemiological study was performed to evaluate immunity to diphtheria and to determine the correlates of diphtheria toxoid antibody levels among children and adults in Israel. In total, 3,185 sera from an age-stratified sample of children and adults, obtained in 2000-2001, were tested for diphtheria toxoid antibodies by an in-house double-antigen ELISA. A level of or=0.1 IU/mL (full protection or seropositivity). Seronegativity increased significantly in subjects aged >50 years, reaching levels of 9.7%, 12.6% and 18.9% in the groups aged 50-54, 55-59 and >60 years, respectively (p 0.001), with rates of basic immunity following a similar pattern. Subjects born abroad had higher seronegativity rates than those born in Israel (7.7% vs. 4.9%; p 0.019). No difference in diphtheria toxoid antibody levels was found according to other demographical variables, such as gender, Jewish or Arab ethnicity, urban or rural settlements, and the subjects' place of residence. The level of immunity to diphtheria among children and adults in Israel was satisfactory, with the exception of individuals aged >50 years. The risk of diphtheria outbreaks is low, but sporadic cases may occur among individuals lacking basic immunity against the disease.     

输尿管梗阻合并急性肾盂肾炎的治疗(附12例临床报导)

目的:探讨输尿管梗阻合并急性肾盂肾炎的治疗方案。方法:对12例由于不同原因引起输尿管梗阻合并急性肾盂肾炎的患者,根据不同情况给予置管引流,置管碎石,肾盂穿刺引流,加有效的抗生素治疗。结果:12例输尿管梗阻合并急性肾盂肾炎患者感染得到有效的控制,为后续治疗提供保障。结论:及时置管引流或尿流改道解除梗阻加有效的抗生素治疗是治疗输尿管梗阻合并急性肾盂肾炎的有效方案。     

我院抗菌药物使用的调查

目的:调查我院抗菌药物使用的现况,指导临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法:对2004年9月份出院病历3525份抗菌药物的使用情况设制专用调查表,进行统计分析.结果:我院抗菌药物使用率为74.64%,单种抗菌药物占使用人数的70.73%,预防性使用率为31.18%;标本送检率为41.12%,其中手术科室标本送检率为22.40%,非手术科室标本送检率为66.22%.结论:手术科室抗菌药物使用率偏高,且大部分为术后预防性使用抗菌药物,治疗性用药病原学送检率低,需加强抗菌药物合理使用与规范化管理.     

重庆地区小儿肺炎细菌耐药性及抗生素应用分析

目的分析重庆地区小儿肺炎常见病原菌构成及其耐药性,探讨临床抗生素的合理应用.方法吸取1 165例小儿肺炎下呼吸道分泌物,利用microscan全自动微生物分析仪进行细菌鉴定、培养及药敏试验,并统计临床初始抗生素应用情况.结果细菌总分离数为392株(33.7%),其中革兰阴性菌257株(65.6%),前5位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌及大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性细菌为135株(34.4%),依次为肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌.药物敏感实验显示:铜绿假单胞菌与葡萄球菌呈多重耐药,其它细菌对抗生素敏感性差异较大,较敏感的有头孢呋辛、头孢曲松等;而泰能、阿米卡星、万古霉素则高度敏感.1 165例小儿肺炎使用抗生素种类达21种,使用率100%.单用一种者占38.5%,联合二种者占61.5%;无一例首选万古霉素或泰能.初始抗生素治愈率为76.7%(894/1 165例),好转率为18.5%(216/1 165例).结论重庆地区小儿肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌占优势,不同细菌对抗生素敏感性差异较大;临床多选用二、三代头孢菌素.积极监测细菌耐药性,有助于提供选择抗生素的依据,对提高疗效和避免耐药菌株的快速增长有重要意义.