芬太尼预防鼻咽部手术七氟醚全麻术后躁动

目的 探讨芬太尼对鼻咽部手术七氟醚全麻术后躁动的预防作用.方法 鼻咽部手术69例,美国麻醉医师协会(the American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,随机分为3组,每组23例.均采用静吸复合全麻,七氟醚吸入诱导维持,麻醉用药相同.术毕停麻醉前10分钟分别静脉注射芬太尼1 μg/kg(稀释1倍,Ⅰ组)、2 μg/kg(Ⅱ组)或生理盐水体积等同于Ⅱ组(Ⅲ组,对照组).观察各组术后躁动发生率、清醒情况、拔管时间及恶心和呕吐发生率.结果 与对照组比较,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组拔管后躁动发生明显减少(P＜0.05),Ⅱ组的拔管时间和苏醒时间长于对照组(P＜0.05),恶心和呕吐发生率大于Ⅲ组(P＜0.05).结论 静脉注射1 μg/kg芬太尼可以减少鼻咽部手术七氟醚全麻术后躁动的发生,且不明显延长拔管苏醒时间,不增加术后恶心和呕吐发生率.     

逆行咽鼓管插管盐酸氨溴索注药治疗分泌性中耳炎

目的 探讨咽鼓管逆行插管行鼓室冲洗,盐酸氨溴索注药治疗分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效.方法 对112例(178耳)分泌性中耳炎患者采用逆行经咽鼓管插管,37℃生理盐水鼓室冲洗、盐酸氨溴索鼓室注药并留置.观察耳闷、耳鸣症状,鼓膜像,语频区听力恢复情况及与病程的关系.结果 全部病例178耳经1～3次治疗后,治愈119耳(66.9%),有效30耳(16.9%),无效29耳(16.3%),治愈率66.9%,总有效率83.7%.病史小于半年者,治愈率明显高于病史大于半年者,随着治疗次数的增加,治愈率和有效率逐渐降低.结论 逆行咽鼓管插管行鼓室冲洗,盐酸氨溴索注药是治疗分泌性中耳炎安全有效的方法.     

复方小柴胡汤对荷瘤小鼠NK细胞功能的影响

目的 探讨复方小柴胡汤(XCHT)对EAC荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能的影响.方法 用3种不同浓度的复方小柴胡汤对EAC荷瘤小鼠灌胃10 d,观察其肿瘤生长情况以及用乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测NK细胞的活性.结果 高、中和低浓度组NK细胞活性分别为(44.21±3.10)%,(51.09±4.94)%和(37.30±2.02)%,与空白对照组(31.26±2.79)%比较,NK细胞活性升高(P＜0.05),而阴性对照组(26.90±1.84)%NK细胞活性显著降低(P＜0.05);高、中和低浓度组的肿瘤质量为(300.6±48.9)mg,(226.5±36.4)mg和(445.9±60.2)mg,与阴性对照组(661.5±102.8)mg比较,均能抑制肿瘤的生长(P＜0.05),其中以中浓度组效果最为明显.结论 经过复方小柴胡汤灌胃的EAC荷瘤小鼠NK细胞活性均升高,3种不同浓度的复方小柴胡汤均使肿瘤生长减慢.     

Alcohol Consumption and Its Influence on the Clinical Picture of Puumala Hantavirus Infection

Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) causes hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. Characteristic clinical findings include acute kidney injury (AKI), thrombocytopenia, and capillary leakage. Smoking increases the risk of severe AKI, but it is not known whether alcohol consumption predisposes patients to a more severe infection. Liver and pancreatic enzymes, as well as biomarkers of alcohol consumption (gamma-glutamyl transferase, GGT; carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, CDT; GGT-CDT combination; and ethyl glucuronide, EtG), were measured from 66 patients with acute PUUV infection during hospitalization and at the convalescence phase. Alcohol consumption was present in 41% of the study population, 15% showing signs of heavy drinking. Alcohol use did not affect the severity of PUUV induced AKI nor the overall clinical picture of the infection. Liver enzyme levels (GGT or alanine aminotransferase, ALT) were elevated in 64% of the patients, but the levels did not associate with the markers reflecting the severity of the disease. Serum amylase activities at the convalescent stage were higher than those at the acute phase (p < 0.001). No cases with acute pancreatitis were found. In conclusion, our findings indicate that alcohol consumption does not seem to affect the clinical course of an acute PUUV infection.     

慢性病儿童父母疾病不确定感与家庭管理状况相关性研究

目的 探讨慢性病儿童父母疾病不确定感与家庭管理状况的相关性,为慢性病儿童的治疗与康复提供干预依据。方法 采用家庭管理测量量表（FAMM）和中文版疾病不确定感家属量表（MUIS—FM）对200名慢性病儿童父母进行调查。采用Pearson相关性分析方法 分析量表间的相关性。结果 慢性病儿童父母MUIS—FM总分为（104．46±15．17）分：慢性病儿童父母FAMM总分为（195．46±11．24）分,其中,患儿认可得分为（15．46±2．14）分,照护能力得分为（38．22±6．42）分,疾病负担得分为（15．16±2．71）分,生活困难得分为（57．35±8．54）分,疾病影响得分为（37．29±5．22）分,家长关系得分为（31．35±3．18）分;Pearson相关分析显示,慢性病儿童父母疾病不确定感与家庭管理方式存在显著相关性。结论 父母疾病不确定感是影响家庭管理状况的重要因素,降低慢性病儿童父母的疾病不确定感能改善家庭管理状况．促进患儿身心康复。     

Dental care needs,use and expenditures among U.S. children with and without special health care needs

BackgroundControversy exists in the literature about whether dental care needs, use and expenditures differ between children with and without special health care needs (SHCN).MethodsThe authors used data from the 2005 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for children younger than 18 years. The MEPS questionnaire included the Children with Special Health Care Needs Screener, which defines a child as having SHCN if he or she meets at least one of five specific criteria. Using bivariate and multivariable regression analyses, the authors evaluated the effect of SHCN on unmet dental care needs, type of dental care received and average dental care expenditures.ResultsChildren with special health care needs (CSHCN) had an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.49 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.09–2.05) of having unmet dental care needs compared with children without SHCN, and CSHCN who met four or five screener criteria had an AOR of 2.2 (95 percent CI = 1.16–4.20). CSHCN used more dental care services and were more likely to receive only nonpreventive care. Average dental care expenditures were not statistically different between CSHCN and children without SHCN, and there was variability among CSHCN in unmet dental care needs and use.ConclusionsUnmet dental care needs are associated independently with SHCN status and complexity (based on the number of screener criteria the child met). The CSHCN populations in MEPS varied in their ability to obtain and use needed dental care services.Practice ImplicationsIt is important to consider the diversity of CSHCN when developing systems of dental care for this population.     

Reversal of soft-tissue anesthesia in asymptomatic endodontic patients: a preliminary, prospective, randomized, single-blind study

Introduction

Phentolamine has been reported to be an effective local anesthetic reversal agent for soft tissue but has not been studied in endodontics. The purpose of this preliminary, prospective, randomized, single-blind study was to evaluate the reversal of soft-tissue anesthesia using phentolamine in asymptomatic endodontic patients.

Methods

Eighty-five adult subjects having a maxillary or mandibular asymptomatic tooth requiring endodontic therapy received either phentolamine or sham treatment(s) at the end of the endodontic treatment appointment. Soft-tissue anesthesia was monitored by subjects every 15 minutes for 5 hours. Subjects reported postoperative injection site pain and tooth pain using a Heft-Parker visual analog score every 30 minutes for the first 2 postoperative hours and every hour for 3 hours.

Results

There was a statistically significant difference in time to return-to-normal sensation for the maxillary lip/cheek and mandibular lip. Subjects who received phentolamine experienced an 88-minute decrease in time to return-to-normal maxillary lip/cheek sensation and a 47-minute decrease in time to return-to-normal mandibular lip sensation. The administration of phentolamine was not significantly more painful than administration of a sham treatment, and patients who received phentolamine did not experience significantly more postoperative pain at the injection site. Postoperative complications were minimal, and no clinically significant adverse reactions to the phentolamine were reported.

Conclusions

Phentolamine would be beneficial for asymptomatic endodontic patients who would like to experience a faster return-to-normal soft-tissue function and sensation after the administration of local anesthesia.     

Oral colonisation by aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods and yeast in Tibetans living in Lhasa

Sample groups of children (n=50) and adults (n=38) were selected from pools of 207 children, (11-13-year olds from two primary schools) and 94 adults (25-44-year olds from four governmental agencies) who were the subjects of an oral health survey among Tibetans living in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region. Mean ages of the study groups of children (38% females) and adults (61% females) were 11.6+/-0.9 and 37.1+/-6.1 years, respectively. All had lived in Tibet since birth. Oral rinse samples were selective cultured to isolate, quantify and speciate aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (using the API 20E kit) and yeasts (using API 20C AUX and API ZYM kits). For children, the isolation rates for oral coliform bacteria and yeasts were 84 and 14%, respectively, for adults, the respective rates were 26 and 40%. The corresponding quantities of coliforms/yeasts for children and adults were 0.4+/-1.6 x 10(3)c.f.u./15.8+/-72.3 and 0.2+/-0.6 x 10(3)c.f.u./57.2+/-137.5c.f.u. per millilitre oral rinse, respectively. Aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, a free-living saprophytic and ubiquitous bacterial species of wide geographic distribution, were significantly more frequently recovered from the children's oral rinses. The isolation rates of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods in adults and yeasts in both groups were similar to those found in similar cohorts from southern China in earlier studies. Randomly amplified polymeric DNA analysis showed that the S. maltophilia spp. isolated from children were of several different clonal types and were school specific. This study shows that the colonisation rate of facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods in adults and yeasts in both groups are similar to those in populations living at lower altitudes, the native young, urban Tibetans appear to exhibit a high oral carriage rate of S. maltophilia spp.     

Submucous tramadol increases the anesthetic efficacy of mepivacaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of submucous tramadol as adjuvant of mepivacaine with epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial was conducted. Twenty healthy young volunteers were randomized into two treatment sequences using a series of random numbers. Sequence 1: Group A, 2% mepivacaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus submucous tramadol 50mg (1mL of saline) and one week later Group B, 2% mepivacaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine plus submucous placebo (1mL of saline). Sequence 2: Group B and one week later Group A. All treatments were administered 1min after that patient informed anesthesia of lower lip. We evaluated the duration of anesthesia of lower lip, anesthetic efficacy, and local and systemic adverse events. Anesthetic efficacy was better in group receiving submucous tramadol during the first 2h compared with group receiving submucous placebo (P<0.05). Submucous tramadol increased the anesthetic efficacy of mepivacaine with epinephrine of soft tissue in inferior alveolar nerve block.     

Knowledge and practice of behavioral management principles among dentists treating adults with learning disabilities

This study investigated U.K. dentists’ knowledge and practice of behavioral management principles (BMPs) as applied to adults with learning disabilities (AWLD). A postal questionnaire enquired into the dentists’ experience in managing AWLD, utilization of behavioral management techniques, and knowledge of BMPs. The response rate was 41% (N = 53). Two groups were investigated: specialists (dentists registered on the Special Care Dentistry specialists’ list, n = 37) and nonspecialists (dentists not on the list, n = 16). Although specialists treated more AWLD than nonspecialists, both groups of dentists reported they felt highly confident in managing AWLD. However, all dentists’ knowledge of the principles of nonpharmacological BMPs was low. Specialists had a tendency to use a greater range of nonpharmacological behavioral management techniques compared to non‐specialists. These results suggest that dental team members need more training in the theory and practice of BMPs, which might lead to less reliance on costly pharmacological interventions and a clinical experience that is more respectful of the dignity and independence of AWLD.