Determinants of postoperative morbidity and mortality in children managed for typhoid intestinal perforation in Kano Nigeria

Background

Intestinal perforation is a serious but poorly understood complication of typhoid fever. This study aims to determine the patient factors associated with postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Intrahepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation

Background Perforation of the gallbladder with cholecystohepatic communication is a rare cause of liver abscess. We report four cases of this condition and describe the imaging procedures related to its diagnosis and treatment.Methods The medical and x-ray files of 39 patients with percutaneous drainage of liver abscesses were retrospectively reviewed. Four patients with hepatic abscess due to gallbladder perforation were identified. The patients presented with clinical features suggestive of cholecystitis.Results Sonography in four patients showed a hypoechoic lesion in the liver adjacent to the gallbladder. CT in three patients showed a hypodense area in the liver, corresponding to the sonographic findings. Percutaneous abscess drainage, followed by an abscessogram, was performed in all patients. Contrast material injected throuugh the drainage catheter filled the gallbladder directly from the abscess cavity. Two patients subsequently underwent cholecystectomy, confirming perforation of the gallbladder fundus. In both cases the gallbladder was noted to be embedded in the liver and covered by adhesions.Conclusion Perforation of the gallbladder is a rare cause of pyogenic liver abscess. We suggest, however, based on our two patients who underwent surgery, and several cases reported in the literature, that this condition may be more common when the gallbladder is partially or totally intrahepatic.     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率:不同定义间的差异

目的:探讨胰瘘的不同定义对胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率的影响及采用统一定义的必要性。方法:采用Bassi等概括的4种胰瘘定义(D1~4)及国际胰瘘定义研究小组的胰瘘定义(ISGPF)分析134例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的胰瘘的发生率。结果:根据5种不同胰瘘定义,同一组患者术后胰瘘发生率为4.5%~14.9%,其中ISGPF定义的胰瘘发生率最高。统计分析结果表明,D1(13.4%)与D3(6.0%)、D4(4.5%)相比、ISGPF(14.9%)与D3(6.0%)、D4(4.5%)相比,均有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘发生率取决于所采用的胰瘘定义。临床上,有必要采用一个统一的定义。ISGPF定义虽然范围相对较广,但其分级明确,而且简便、客观、易于操作,值得推荐。     

成人冠状动脉瘘的超声心动图与CT血管造影影像学特征及诊断效能分析

目的分析成人冠状动脉瘘的超声心动图以及冠状动脉CT血管造影（CTA）表现特征，并探讨超声心动图与冠状动脉CTA对成人冠状动脉瘘的诊断价值。 方法回顾性选取2011年1月至2018年12月于海军军医大学附属长征医院就诊的疑似冠状动脉瘘患者30例。所有患者均行经胸超声心动图和冠状动脉CTA检查，并最终经手术或冠状动脉造影确诊。以手术结果或冠状动脉造影检查作为"金标准"，最终确诊冠状动脉瘘患者23例，非冠状动脉瘘患者7例。分析23例冠状动脉瘘患者的超声心动图和冠状动脉CTA表现特征，并对超声心动图和冠状动脉CTA诊断冠状动脉瘘的效能进行比较分析。 结果23例冠状动脉瘘患者中，超声心动图准确诊断20例，漏诊3例，其中2例为左冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘，1例为右冠状动脉-右心室瘘；冠状动脉CTA准确诊断22例，漏诊1例为左冠状动脉-肺动脉瘘。以手术结果或冠状动脉造影为"金标准"，超声心动图诊断冠状动脉瘘的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为86.96%、71.43%、90.90%、62.50%、83.33%；冠状动脉CTA诊断冠状动脉瘘的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别为95.65%、85.71%、95.65%、85.71%、93.33%。超声心动图与CTA这2种方法的诊断结果分别与"金标准"比较，一致性均较高，Kappa值分别为0.757、0.911（P均<0.001）。 结论冠状动脉CTA和超声心动图2种影像学检查方法各有优势，对冠状动脉瘘均具有较好的诊断价值，可为冠状动脉瘘的诊断提供有效和可靠的信息和参考依据。     

Unusual sonographic finding in a patient with late recurrence of a perianal fistula

We describe a case of late recurrence of a perianal fistula in a 51-year-old man with a 4.5-year history of recurrent perianal fistulas and abscesses. This was the fourth recurrence he had experienced; at each occurrence, he had undergone various examinations, including sigmoidoscopy, anoscopy, barium enema, fistulography, probe exploration, instillation of hydrogen peroxide, and/or sonography, and he had also undergone surgery. At our examination, transperineal sonography with a portable ultrasound scanner revealed an echogenic linear structure within the fistulous tract. Under endoanal sonographic guidance, surgery was performed, and a tan solid cylindrical structure longer than 2 cm was removed. Histopathologic examination revealed stratified squamous epithelium and soft tissue with substantial fibrosis and mild chronic inflammation, findings consistent with the characteristics of a remnant cast from a previous fistulous tract. Our findings suggest that some patients may benefit from relatively inexpensive sonographic examination with appropriate transducers.     

Positive end expiratory pressure and critical oxygenation during transport in ventilated patients

Transportation of patients critically dependent on positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) can be problematic, as a patient of ours with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and bilateral broncho-pleural fistulae demonstrated. He required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) (Siemens 900C) with 100% O₂ and PEEP of 2 kPa to maintain his arterial O₂ saturation (SaO₂)>90%. Severe hypoxemia (SaO₂<75%) occurred on change to a portable ventilator (Oxylog, Dräger) with a PEEP valve (Ambu 20) at its expiratory port, despite adjusting the valve to 2 kPa, continuing use of 100% O₂, and varying the ventilatory pattern. The problem appeared due to loss of PEEP because of gas leak from the lungs via his intercostal catheters. It was solved by introducing a continuous O₂ flow of 51/min into the circuit between the Oxylog non-rebreathing valve and endotracheal tube. We used a model lung to investigate the effect of a gas leak from the lungs or circuit on the performance of the Oxylog IPPV/PEEP system. Lung compliance and ventilatory pattern were adjusted so that tidal volume (V_T)=0.61, peak inspiratory Airway pressure (PIP)=5 kPa, PEEP=1.5 kPa, and respiratory rate=10/min. A small leak was introduced from the lung resulting in a decrease in PIP, V_T, and PEEP. Adjustment of ventilator minute volume to restore PIP to 5 kPa failed to restore PEEP, airway pressure continuing to fall throughout the expiratory pause. PEEP was restored by providing a compensatory flow of O₂ of 5l/min to the system between the Oxylog nonrebreathing valve and the lung. We conclude that significant loss of PEEP can occur in patients with gas leaks from the lung when ventilators, such as the Oxylog, are used that do not provide a compensatory flow of gas into the lung during expiration and the expiratory pause. If the patient is critically dependent on PEEP this loss will result in severe hypoxemia.     

弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的超声诊断价值

目的探讨弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的声像图特点和超声诊断价值。方法分析6例弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘患者超声检查结果,并与血管造影结果对照,总结二维及多普勒超声特征。结果弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘的特征性超声表现为：彩色多普勒见门静脉系统血流与伴行的肝动脉方向相反,有搏动,肝动脉血流较门静脉血流显示清晰;频谱多普勒显示门静脉血流反向,频谱为动脉型。以上改变广泛存在于肝脏各叶。肝脏二维声像图表现无特征性改变。结论超声检查是首选的弥漫性肝动脉-门静脉瘘影像学筛查及诊断方法。     

人工血管建立动静脉内瘘的临床应用及护理

目的探讨人工血管动静脉内瘘的临床应用方法及护理对策。方法从1999年1月-2005年1月,对52例行人工血管动静脉内瘘术的患者进行随访。结果52例患者中,术后3个月至5年间共有16例血栓形成,感染5例,假性动脉瘤3例。结论人工血管内瘘需要专业化护理,加强内瘘保护知识的教育,正确地使用内瘘,采用绳梯式穿刺,压迫止血力度适当,能减少术后并发症发生,延长人工血管的使用寿命。