Residual small artery impairment in hypertensive patients with normal albumin–creatinine ratio

Objectives Previous studies have suggested that urine albumin excretion (UAE) mirrors generalized vascular damage; however, it is unclear to which degree UAE mirrors small artery impairment. Design We enrolled 67 patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension (EH) during stable antihypertensive therapy. F-R_min, ACR on three non-consecutive morning urine samples, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (ABPM) were measured. Results ACR was low (0.39 and 0.30–0.60), but abnormal small artery structure defined as F-R_min?>_?mean?+?2 standard deviations of normotensive value (1.99?+?1?mmHg min/(ml/100?ml)) was present in 45% (n?=?30). The mean F-R_min was 2.89?±?0.09?mmHg min/(ml/100?ml). ACR correlated significantly to PWV (r^2?=^?0.11; p?<?0.05) and pulse pressure (r^2?=^?0.15; p?<?0.001), but not F-R_min and (r^2?=^?0.05, p?=?0.07). Conclusions Abnormal microvascular structure was present even in EH patients with low UAE. ACR correlated to arterial stiffness and not to small artery structure; therefore, UEA did not reflect microvascular damage in this population. ACR and F-R_min thus reflect two distinct types of subclinical organ damage in hypertension.     

A case report of urothelial carcinoma with combined micropapillary and plasmacytoid morphology in the urinary bladder

A case of combined micropapillary and plasmacytoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the urinary bladder is presented for a 74‐year‐old male who was admitted to the hospital with gross hematuria and multifocal papillary bladder tumors. Abdominal computed tomography showed a large enhancing mass on the left lateral and anterior wall of the urinary bladder, which was highly suspicious for extravesicular extension and focal extension of the anterior lesion to the pubic bone. In voided urine, cancer cells were scattered as micropapillae or nests as well as single cells on the low power view. On a higher power view, micropapillae or nests were composed of pleomorphic, high grade tumor cells with an inverted nuclear arrangement and with acinar structures occasionally identified. Single cells were discohesive and large with a thick cytoplasm and eccentrically located nuclei. Histologically, the tumor from the resected bladder showed diffusely infiltrating micropapillae or nests with a surrounding halo and dense singly‐scattered plasmacytoid cells. Immunohistochemically, the cancer cells were positive for cytokeratin‐7 and cytokeratin‐20 but negative for S‐100, leukocyte common antigen, and vimentin. At the time of radical cystectomy, severe adhesions and peritoneal metastases were found and the surgery was discontinued. The patient received systemic chemotherapy, but died of bladder cancer 14 months after surgery. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:124–127. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The SdaBlood Group Antigen in Tissues and Body Fluids

Abstract. In man the Sd^aantigen is present in most secretions with the greatest concentration in urine. There is little difference in the amount of Sd^asubstance in the urine of newborn infants, pregnant women and normal adults but there is a much greater amount in the saliva of newborn infants than in adults. Approximately half the people whose red cells group as Sd(a-) secrete Sd^asubstance in the urine. Anti-Sd^aantibody is present in 50% of Sd(a-) non-secretors of Sd^asubstance, though most of these antibodies only react with the strongest Sd(a +) cells. The greatest Sd^aactivity has been found in human meconium, guinea pig urine and guinea pig kidney. Activity can be detected in the urine of many animal species. The kidneys of 5 bird species did not contain Sd^a.     

A revised method for determination of dialkylphosphate levels in human urine by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: application to human urine samples from Japanese children

Objectives

Biological monitoring of organophosphorus insecticide (OP) metabolites, specifically dialkylphosphates (DAP) in urine, plays a key role in low-level exposure assessment of OP in individuals. The aims of this study are to develop a simple and sensitive method for determining four urinary DAPs using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and to assess the concentration range of urinary DAP in Japanese children.

Methods

Deuterium-labeled DAPs were used as internal standards. Urinary dimethylphosphate (DMP) and diethylphosphate (DEP), which passed through the solid-phase extraction (SPE) column, and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP), which were extracted from a SPE column using 2.5 % NH₃ water including 50 % acetonitrile, were prepared for separation analysis. The samples were then injected into LC–MS/MS. The optimized method was applied to spot urine samples from 3-year-old children (109 males and 116 females) living in Aichi Prefecture in Japan.

Results

Results from the validation study demonstrated good within- and between-run precisions (<10.7 %) with low detection limits (0.4 for DMP and DMTP, 0.2 for DEP and 0.1 μg/L for DETP). The geometric mean values and detection rates of the urinary DAPs in Japanese children were 14.4 μg/L and 100 % for DMP, 5.3 μg/L and 98 % for DMTP, 5.5 μg/L and 99 % for DEP, and 0.6 μg/L and 80 % for DETP, respectively.

Conclusions

The present high-throughput method is simple and reliable, and can thereby further contribute to development of an exposure assessment of OP. The present study is the first to reveal the DAP concentrations in young Japanese children.     

沧州地区健康人群尿液有形成分参考值调查

目的：测定沦州地区健康人群尿液有形成分参考值范围。方法：用UF-100尿沉渣分析仪对沦州地区1800名体检正常的健康人的随机尿进行检测分析。结果：（1）对红细胞、白细胞、上皮细胞数目进行比较发现,3～7岁组与8～17岁组、18～60岁组、61～73岁组相比,差异具有显著统计学意义,P均〈O．05;男女各组间红细胞、白细胞、上皮细胞之间具有显著统计学意义,P〈0．05。（2）用UF～100尿沉渣分析仪检测健康人尿沉渣参考值范围,结果显示红细胞、白细胞、上皮细胞正常范围分别为：3～7岁组男孩O～8．2、O～7．3、O～4．5个／μL,女孩O～16．3、0～11．4、O～6．9个／μL;7～17岁组男性0～9．7、0～8．7、0～7．7个／μL,女性O～24．9、O～21．7、O～20．3个／μL;18～60岁组男性O～11．8、O～12．0、0～8．8个／μL,女性O～26．1、O～29．1、O～9．7个／μL;61～73岁组男性O～17．9、O～14．6、O～O．86个／μL,女性0～35．5、0～33．9、0～30．9个／IxL。结论：UF-100尿沉渣分析仪测定健康人尿液红细胞、白细胞、上皮细胞、管型、细菌结果与性别有关,其参考值范围的确立有助于临床医师诊断疾病和观察治疗效果。     

Measurement of Sterigmatocystin Concentrations in Urine for Monitoring the Contamination of Cattle Feed

This study aimed (1) at determining the levels of the fungal toxin sterigmatocystin (STC) in the feed and urine of cattle and (2) at evaluating the effects of supplementing the feed with a mycotoxin adsorbent (MA) on STC concentrations in urine. Two herds of female Japanese Black cattle were used in this study. The cattle in each herd were fed a standard ration containing rice straw from different sources and a standard concentrate; two groups of cattle from each herd (n = six per group) received the commercial MA, mixed with the concentrate or given as top-dressing, whereas a third group received no supplement and served as control. Urine and feed samples were collected at various time points throughout the experiment. STC concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-TMS). STC concentrations in straw were higher in Herd 1 (range 0.15–0.24 mg/kg DM) than in Herd 2 (range <0.01–0.06 mg/kg DM). In Herd 1, STC concentrations in urine significantly declined 2 weeks after replacing the contaminated feed, whereas MA supplementation had no effect. In conclusion, mycotoxins in urine samples are useful biological markers for monitoring the systemic exposure of cattle to multiple mycotoxins, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of interventions.     

Diagnostic utility of urine cytology in detection of decoy cells in renal transplant patients: Report of five cases and review of literature

BK polyoma virus (PV) is one of the commonest post‐transplant viral infections, affecting approximately 15% of renal transplantation recipients, leading to graft failure in more than half of cases. The epithelial cells with polyoma viral inclusions in urine cytology specimens are termed “decoy cells” to caution pathologists not to misdiagnose these cells as cancer cells. The infected cells in urinary sediments are characterized by enlarged nucleus, basophilic intranuclear homogenous inclusions, and ground glass chromatin, which may cause diagnostic error in urine cytology. We report five cases of renal transplant patients, in which urine sample was positive for decoy cells. Routine urine cytology of post renal transplant patients with worsening renal function is a useful screening procedure to rule out PV reactivation, before ascertaining transplant rejection. Its cost‐effectiveness in addition to the short processing time makes it an invaluable tool in the evaluation of transplant recipients with symptoms suggestive of graft rejection.