The effects of reverse monocular deprivation in monkeys II. Electrophysiological and anatomical studies

Summary Monkeys had one eye closed at about 30 days of age for 14, 30, 60, or 90 days, then opened, and the fellow eye closed for another 120 days. The animals then had at least 10 months of binocular visual experience before extensive behavioral training and testing were carried out. In terminal experiments concluded more than 18 months later, microelectrode investigations of the striate cortex demonstrated that there was almost a complete absence of binocular neurons in all animals. The initially deprived eyes (IDEs) dominated the majority of cortical neurons, even when soma size measurements of lateral geniculate neurons indicated that the LGN cells driven by the IDE had not regained their normal size. The monkeys which had significant interocular differences in spatial vision also exhibited abnormalities in the distribution of the metabolic enzyme, cytochrome oxidase (CO), within the striate cortex. These results demonstrate that many of the severe alterations in cortical physiology and eye dominance produced by early monocular form deprivation can be reversed, with recovery of normal cortical function, via the reverse-deprivation procedure.Supported by National Eye Institute grants R01 EY01120, R01 EY03611, R01 EY01139, and EY02520     

屈光不正性弱视近立体视功能的临床观察

目的：探讨不同程度屈光不正性弱视与开始治疗弱视的年龄对近立体视功能的影响。方法：采用Titmus立体图对门诊复查的已治愈的96名5~8岁屈光不正性弱视儿童进行近立体视功能检查,观察不同弱视程度及不同开始治疗年龄对屈光不正性弱视立体视的影响进统计学分析。结果：屈光不正性弱视儿童有不同程度的立体视,具有正常立体视锐度比例为22.92%。开始治疗的年龄越小,立体视功能发育越好,两组差异有统计学意义（χ2=13.9821,P〈0.01）;不同程度的屈光不正性弱视患者治愈后近立体视锐度也存在差异,轻度弱视立体视功能较好,重度弱视的立体视功能较差。三组差异具有统计学意义（χ2=27.8547,P〈0.01）。结论：屈光不正性弱视治愈后一部分患者立体视功能仍不能达到正常,重度弱视,开始治疗年龄较晚的立体视发育相对较差。在弱视的治疗的后期要注意双眼视觉的恢复。     

Screening Amblyopia for Year 1 Students with Uncorrected Vision and Stereopsis Test in Central China

Background: Screening for amblyopia at earliest is important for early treatment and better prognosis. This study aimed at evaluating the validity of uncorrected distant and near visual acuity and stereoacuity for screening amblyopia in year 1 students in central China. Methods: By stratified cluster sampling, 3112 year 1 students from 11 Anyang primary schools were selected for the study. All the participants underwent uncorrected distant and near visual acuity, stereopsis test, cycloplegic refraction, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cover test and ocular movement examination. Visual acuity (VA) was measured with a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Stereoacuity was measured with the Lang II stereo card and TNO test. Amblyopia was defined as the BCVA less than or equal to 0.1 logMAR units of any eye in the absence of significant pathological abnormalities. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of uncorrected visual acuity and stereoacuity for amblyopia were analyzed. Results: Out of the 3112 eligible students, 2893 (92.96%) students completed the examinations. The average age of the students was 7.10±0.41 （mean ± standard deviation, SD）years. Screened by distant visual acuity with low cutoff (logMAR0.1), high cutoff (logMAR0.0) and near visual acuity (logMAR0.0), 31.64, 73.18 and 50.23% students were abnormal. Screened by stereopsis test, only 4.69% students were abnormal. By a senior pediatric ophthalmologist, 61 students were diagnosed amblyopia. The sensitivities of distant visual acuity with low/high cutoff and near visual acuity were 92.31/100.00 and 80.77%, whereas that of stereoacuity by TNO test was 15.38%. Simultaneous testing of either two of the three tests improved the sensitivity. Conclusions: Distant visual acuity test of high cutoff alone display a high sensitivity but a low specificity. Simultaneous testing of distant visual acuity of low cutoff and stereoacuity is a better choice to balance between sensitivity and specificity.     

针刺干预对单眼视觉剥夺模型大鼠视皮层方位柱“漂移”和异常重组的调节作用及其脑功能机制

探讨针刺干预对大鼠单眼视觉剥夺后视皮层方位柱“漂移”和通道重组的影响,初步阐明其作用机制。     

视知觉学习治疗顺规和逆规散光性儿童弱视患者疗效比较研究

目的比较视知觉学习治疗顺、逆规散光性儿童弱视患者（perceptual learning）的疗效。方法将138例（274眼）8-13岁的顺、逆规散光性儿童弱视患者行视知觉学习治疗,观察2年后对其结果进行统计学分析。结果8—13岁的顺规散光造成重度弱视的比例较逆规散光造成重度弱视高,逆规散光性儿童弱视患者（62．7％）治疗的总有效率比顺规散光性（35．4％）高,组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论视知觉学习治疗逆规散光性儿童弱视患者总有效率高于顺规散光性儿童弱视患者。     

5～10岁弱视、斜视患儿的流行病学调查分析

目的调查5～10岁儿童弱视、斜视的发病率与相关因素,为制定社区防治措施提供科学依据。方法对1607例（3214眼）弱视、斜视患儿用国际标准视力表、角膜映光法及交替遮盖法、眼球运动进行检查,进一步使用1%阿托品散瞳验光并行眼底检查。排除其他器质性病变,矫正视力≤0.08者定为弱视。结果弱视患病率为3.42%,斜视患病率为2.24%。各年龄组的弱视、斜视发病率没有显著性差异（P〉0.05）,弱视类型中以屈光不正性弱视最常见（P〉0.05）。立体视的建立与眼位有明显关系。结论斜视发病率与性别无显著性差异,弱视构成比中屈光不正性弱视明显高于其他类型弱视,立体现的建立与眼位有明显关系。     

弱视患者自适应光学系统矫正高阶像差前后视觉行为变化的研究

目的 探讨单眼弱视眼通过自适应光学系统矫正高阶像差（higher order aberrations, HOAs）前后视觉行为的变化。 方法 分别测量10名单眼弱视患者通过自适应光学系统矫正弱视眼高阶像差前后的视力(visual acuity, VA)及对比敏感度(contrast sensitivity, CS)阈值,并分析视力和对比敏感度阈值的变化。 结果 弱视眼矫正高阶像差后视力提高（P=0.005）;弱视眼矫正高阶像差后对比敏感度阈值降低(P<0.001),这一进步主要发生于24 cpd的空间频率（spatial frequency, SF）上（P=0.018）。 结论 弱视眼在矫正高阶像差后视觉功能提升,高阶像差的存在对弱视患者高空间频率上对比敏感度功能的下降具有一定的作用。     

182例儿童弱视综合治疗临床观察

目的:总结分析一组弱视儿童3年综合治疗随访结果,观察不同年龄、不同类型、不同程度弱视治疗的疗效。方法:182例(276眼)3~13岁弱视儿童,男95例(157眼),女87例(119眼)。均用1%硫酸阿托品眼膏散瞳验光,并给予恰当的屈光矫正。每6~12个月重新验光1次,同时给予相应的遮盖疗法、药物、光学压抑法及各种视觉刺激疗法等综合疗法治疗,每个月复查视力,随访18~36个月,平均24个月。结果:本组弱视儿童治疗总有效率为90.22%,治愈占57.61%,进步占32.61%,无效占9.78%。其中3~6岁组总有效率为95.92%,优于7~13岁组的总有效率76.25%(P<0.05);轻度弱视总有效率为98.79%,中度弱视总有效率为82.95%,均明显优于重度弱视的总有效率为56.52%(P<0.05);屈光不正性弱视总有效率为94.76%,屈光参差性弱视总有效率为90.62%,均优于斜视性弱视的总有效率73.58%(P<0.05);中心注视总有效率为99.45%,明显优于旁中心注视的总有效率72.04%(P<0.01)。结论:早期发现,早期干预,积极恰当的治疗可以最大限度地治愈儿童弱视。     

复方托吡卡胺散瞳后学龄前远视儿童屈光检查分析

目的探讨经复方托吡卡胺散瞳后，学龄前远视儿童检影验光与电脑验光仪验光的差异。方法视力不良学龄前儿童使用复方托吡卡胺散瞳后，分别采用检影验光和电脑验光仪验光，收集双眼均为远视及单纯远视散光儿童166名（322眼）并进行分析。结果88．86％远视眼经复方托吡卡胺散瞳后，电脑验光仪验光屈光度绝对值比检影验光平均低0．542D。结论了解复方托吡卡胺散瞳后学龄前远视检影验光与电脑验光仪验光的差异，可以提高学龄前儿童远视眼的配镜质量，对不会看视力表的幼儿及弱视儿童更为重要。     

遮盖法与阿托品散瞳法治疗弱视的疗效比较

目的：探讨遮盖法与阿托品散瞳法治疗弱视的疗效;方法：对进行弱视治疗的患分成两个组,遮盖组完成或间断遮盖优势眼,阿托品组每月或隔日滴1％阿托品水于优势眼,4周复查视力,注视性质,立体视觉。结果：遮盖法与阿托品散瞳法治疗弱视疗效无差异。结论：两种方法治疗弱视有显疗效。