Assessment of renal function, iatrogenic hyperkalemia and acute renal dysfunction in cardiology. Contrast-induced nephropathy

Renal impairment influences the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular disease and increases cardiovascular risk. Renal dysfunction is a marker of lesions in other parts of the vascular tree and detection facilitates early identification of individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events. In patients with cardiovascular disease, renal function is assessed by measuring albuminuria in a spot urine sample and by estimating the glomerular filtration rate using creatinine-derived predictive formulas or equations. We recommend the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration or the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formulas. The Cockcroft-Gault formula is a possible alternative. The administration of drugs that block the angiotensin-renin system can, on occasion, be associated with acute renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia. We need to know when risk of these complications exists so as to provide the best possible treatment: prevention. Given the growing number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the field of cardiology that use intravenous contrast media, contrast-induced nephrotoxicity represents a significant problem. We should identify the risk factors and patients at greatest risk, and prevent it from appearing.Full English text available from:www.revespcardiol.org     

原发性高血压患者合并低水平白蛋白尿与左室不良构型及舒张功能的关系

目的 探讨原发性高血压患者合并低水平白蛋白尿(晨尿白蛋白10～30mg/L)与左室构型及舒张功能的关系.方法 301例未经系统治疗的原发性高血压患者按晨尿白蛋白水平分为三组:正常组107例(晨尿白蛋白＜10 mg/L),低水平白蛋白尿组127例(晨尿白蛋白10～30 mg/L),微量白蛋白尿组67例(晨尿白蛋白＞30 mg/L).分别测量各组患者的血压、身高、体重,检测血肌酐(SCr)、血尿素氮(BUN)、尿酸(UA)、空腹血糖(FBG)、口服葡萄糖耐量试验2 h血糖(2hPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),并进行心脏超声检查,测量左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、室间隔厚度(IVST).多普勒超声心动图测定二尖瓣舒张早期血流速度峰值(E)、舒张晚期血流速度峰值(A),计算E/A,并测定E峰减速时间(DT)和左室等容舒张时间(IVRT),评估左室舒张功能.根据公式计算左室质量指数(LVMI)、相对室壁厚度(RWT),比较各组LVMI、RWT、左室构型及左室舒张功能.结果 尿白蛋白水平与LVMI呈显著正相关(r=0.43,P＜0.01).低水平白蛋白尿组与正常组比较,IVST、LVPWT、RWT、LVMI均显著升高(P＜0.01),左室正常构型比例降低(P＜0.01),向心性重构、向心性肥厚发生率升高(P＜0.05),A升高(P＜0.05),E/A显著降低(P＜0.01).301例患者左室舒张功能不全发生率为28.6%(86/301),正常组、低水平白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组左室舒张功能不全发生率分别为12.1%(13/107)、33.9%(43/127)及44.8%(30/67),微量白蛋白尿组、低水平白蛋白尿组左室舒张功能不全发生率均显著高于正常组(P＜0.01).结论 合并低水平白蛋白尿的原发性高血压患者左室不良构型及左室舒张功能不全发生率升高.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between low-grade albuminuria and unfavourable cardiac geometric adaptations and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in non-treated essential hypertensive(EH ) patients. Methods Three hundred and one patients of EH were divided into three groups acording to morning urine albumin concentration ( MU AC ): normoalbuminuria (NAU) group ( 107 cases,MUAC ＜ 10 mg/L) ;low-gradealbuminuria (LGAU) group ( 127 cases, MUAC 10-30 mg/L); microalbuminuria (MAU) group (67 cases, MUAC ＞ 30 mg/L). The blood pressure,body height and weight was measured for all the patients. The serum creatinine (SCr),blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid (UA),fasting plasma glucose (FBG), plasma glucose 2 hours after oral glucose load (2hPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were detected by automatic biochemical analyzer.Echocardiogram exarmination was performed to detect left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) and interventricular septum thickness at end-diastole (IVST). Color Doppler ultrasound was used to measure indicators of left ventricular diastolic function, including peak E velocity of mitral diastolic flow (E) and peak A velocity of mitral diastolic flow ( A ), calculated E/A, measured the deceleration time of peak E ( DT ), and isovolumic relaxation time (IV RT ).Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness(RWT) were calculated by formula, and LVMI,RWT,left ventricular configuration diastolic dysfunction was compared. Results The level of MUAC had positive relationship with LVMI (r = 0.43 ,P ＜ 0.01 ). Compared with that in NAU group, IVST, LVPWT,RWT, LVMI increased (P ＜ 0.01 ), the ratio of left ventricular normal configuration decreased (P ＜ 0.01 ), the incidence of concentric reconstitution, concentric hypertrophy increased (P ＜ 0.05 ), A increased (P ＜ 0.05 ),and E/A decreased (P ＜ 0.01 ) in LGAU group. The total incidence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was 28.6%(86/301 ),12.1%(13/107),33.9%(43/127) and 44.8%(30/67)in NAU group,LGAU group and MAU group. The incidencerates of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in LGAU group and MAU group were higher than that in NAU group (P ＜ 0.01 ). Conclusion LGAU is positively related to incidence of unfavourable cardiac geometric adaptations and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in EH patients.     

2型糖尿病患者扫描式葡萄糖监测系统指标与尿白蛋白/肌酐比值的相关性研究

背景 随着血糖监测技术的发展，近些年来人们开始使用扫描式葡萄糖监测系统（FGMS）"全景式"地观察2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的血糖水平，明确FGMS指标与T2DM并发症之间的关系有助于提高其临床应用价值，但目前相关研究较少。 目的 探究佩戴FGMS的T2DM患者葡萄糖在目标范围内时间（TIR）等指标与尿白蛋白/肌酐比值（UACR）的相关性。 方法 选取2019年1月至2021年10月于北京大学人民医院老年科就诊并佩戴FGMS的T2DM患者79例，以尿液检查中UACR是否<30 mg/g将患者分为无白蛋白尿组（n=50）和白蛋白尿组（n=29）。比较两组患者的临床特征、实验室检查指标及FGMS指标等。采用Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关分析探讨TIR、高血糖时间（TAR）与糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）的相关性。分别采用Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关、偏相关分析探讨FGMS指标与lnUACR的相关性。使用多因素Logistic回归分析探究T2DM患者发生白蛋白尿的影响因素，采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线评估TIR对白蛋白尿的预测价值。 结果 白蛋白尿组T2DM病程长于无白蛋白尿组，三酰甘油（TG）、HbA1c、平均血糖（MBG）、TAR、平均血糖标准差（SDBG）、最大葡萄糖波动幅度（LAGE）、平均葡萄糖波动幅度（MAGE）、连续每隔2 h血糖净作用（CONGA2）高于无白蛋白尿组，TIR低于无白蛋白尿组（P<0.05）。Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关分析结果显示，TIR与HbA1c呈负相关（P<0.001），TAR与HbA1c呈正相关（P<0.001）。Pearson相关、Spearman秩相关、偏相关分析结果均表明，TIR与lnUACR呈负相关（P<0.001），MBG、TAR、SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2与lnUACR呈正相关（P<0.001）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，TIR>70%〔OR=0.038，95%CI（0.003，0.467）〕是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的保护因素（P<0.05），TAR升高〔OR=1.046，95%CI（1.000，1.094）〕是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的危险因素（P<0.05）。TIR预测T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.784〔95%CI（0.674，0.894）〕（P=0.003），灵敏度为78%，特异度为83%，最佳切点为69.71%。 结论 在FGMS指标中，TIR>70%是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的保护因素，TAR升高是T2DM患者出现白蛋白尿的危险因素。同时，SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2等多种反映血糖波动的指标也与UACR密切相关。对TIR水平较低及TAR、SDBG、LAGE、MAGE、CONGA2水平较高的T2DM患者进行FGMS筛查有助于早期识别及预防白蛋白尿的发生、发展。     

Peri-renal fat thickness is positively associated with the urine albumin excretion rate in patients with type 2 diabetes

BackgroundsAlbuminuria, the earliest clinical manifestation of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), is a major prognostic indicator of renal progression. Obesity itself is associated with the development of DKD and accelerates its progression. Accumulation of peri-renal fat on the kidneys can damage kidney function. Measuring the perirenal fat thickness (PFT) by ultrasound is a non-invasive method to measure ectopic fat deposition on the kidney. In this study, we aim to obtain the association between albuminuria and PFT.MethodsEighty-nine subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were enrolled. Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≧30 mg/g. Measurement of the PFT was performed by B-mode ultrasound (Toshiba SSA-680A) and determined from the surface of the abdominal musculature to the surface of kidney. Pearson correlation coefficients were determined to test the significant independent relationship between the PFT and demographic, anthropometric and laboratory parameters.ResultsPatients were divided into those with (n = 66) and without (n = 23) albuminuria. PFT (odds ratio [OR], 19.3; 95% CI, 2.25–165.00; p = 0.01) was significantly correlated with albuminuria based on multiple logistic regression analysis. Additionally, linear regression confirmed that degree of albuminuria has a positive association with the PFT (r = 0.233; p = 0.03).ConclusionsOur study showed that an increased PFT is positively associated with the albuminuria among patients with T2DM. Our findings suggest that measurement of the PFT may represent a helpful tool to assess the risk of developing albuminuria in patients with T2DM.     

Association between Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio within the Normal Range and Incident Hypertension in Men and Women

PurposeThere have been few studies on gender difference in the impact of a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) within the normal range on the risk of hypertension. We evaluated whether the association between the UACR below the microalbuminuria range and the incident risk of hypertension is different between men and women.ResultsDuring an average of 2.6 years of follow-up, 57 men (12.9%) and 66 women (9.0%) developed hypertension. In multivariable-adjusted models, the odds ratio for new-onset hypertension comparing the highest and lowest tertiles of UACR was 1.83 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–3.94] in men and 2.69 (95% CI 1.27–5.73) in women. In stratified analyses by menopausal status, higher tertiles of UACR were associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension in postmenopausal women.ConclusionHigher normal UACR levels were associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension in women. The UACR could have a clinical role in predicting the development of hypertension.     

寻常型银屑病患者尿中微量蛋白含量的临床研究

用酶联免疫分析法检测46例寻常型银屑病患者尿白蛋白和IgG含量,并分析了它们与病程、疾病分期、皮损严重程度以及血清白蛋白水平之间的关系.结果表明,患者组的尿白蛋白和IgG含量显着高于对照组(P<0.01),进行期时显着高于静止期(P<0.05),皮疹消退时尿白蛋白和IgG含量显着低于进行期(PP<0.05),而皮疹复发时又显着增高(P<0.05),提示尿白蛋白和IgG检测可早期发现银屑病的肾脏改变并可作为判断病情和估计疗效的参考指标.尿白蛋白和血清白蛋白之间的显着负相关关系(r=-0.8762,P<0.01)可能解释银屑病血清白蛋白低下的原因.     

老年原发性高血压患者血糖及脂质改变对微量白蛋白尿的影响

目的 :探讨老年原发性高血压 (EH)患者微量白蛋白尿 (MAU )的主要影响因素及其意义。方法 :选择不伴有糖尿病及原发性肾脏疾病的老年 EH患者 81例 ,采用放射免疫法测定早晨第 1次尿中微量白蛋白 ,将其分为 MAU阳性及阴性两组 ,并对所有患者测定血清脂质各项指标、空腹血糖 (FBG)、血胰岛素 (FIns)及 C肽(FC- P) ,计算胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,进行统计分析。结果 :EH伴 MAU阳性组血清甘油三酯 (TG) (2 .35±1.2 3) mm ol/ L、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (L DL- C) (3.89± 1.78) mmol/ L、载脂蛋白 B(apo B) (12 8± 5 3) m mol/ L、脂蛋白 (a)〔L p(a)〕(30 7.13± 196 ) m mol/ L 显著增高 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1)。而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 (HDL- C) (1.2 2± 0 .2 0 ) m mol/ L、载脂蛋白 A(apo A ) (137.2 2± 10 4) mm ol/ L较低 (P <0 .0 5 )。 ISI(- 4.71± 0 .5 2 )显著低于MAU阴性组 (NMAU ) (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :在不伴有糖尿病及原发性肾脏疾病的 EH患者中 ,脂质代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗可能在 MAU的发生过程中有一定作用。     

2型糖尿病患者发生白蛋白尿的相关因素分析

目的 探讨２型糖尿病患发生白蛋白尿的相关因素。方法 用放免法测定２４小时尿白蛋白排池率（ＵＡＥＲ）,将１０４例２型糖尿病患分为白蛋白尿组和无白蛋白尿组,将两组的有关资料进行统计学分析。结果 ２型糖尿病患中,白蛋白尿组的糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白、收缩压及年龄均大于无白蛋白尿组。白蛋白尿的发生与上述指标呈正相关。Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ多因素回归分析,在调整年龄因素后,糖化血红蛋白、收缩压与白蛋白尿发生