Different metabolic profiles of K1 serotype and non-serotype K1 and K2 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in oral infection mice model

K1 or K2 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate caused clinical pyogenic liver abscess (KLA) infection is prevalent in many areas. It has been identified that K1 or K2 serotype K. pneumoniae isolates caused KLA infection in mice by oral inoculation. In our study, K1 serotype K. pneumoniae isolate Kp1002 with hypermucoviscosity (HV)-positive phenotype caused KLA infection in C57BL/6 mice by oral inoculation. Simultaneously, non-serotype K1 and K2 isolate Kp1014 with HV-negative phenotype failed to cause KLA infection in the same manner. It seems that gastrointestinal tract translocation is the pathway by which K1 or K2 serotype K. pneumoniae caused KLA infection. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to further analyze metabolic profile changes in mice with KLA infection. Data showed that after Kp1002 or Kp1014 oral inoculation, serum Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) levels significantly changed in mice. Some PC and LPC molecules showed changes both in the Kp1002 KLA group and the Kp1014 no-KLA group compared with the control group. The level of 18:1/18:2-PC significantly changed in the Kp1002 KLA group compared with the control group, but showed no change between the Kp1014 no-KLA group and the control group. The level of 18:1/18:2-PC might have been particularly affected by KLA infection caused by K1 serotype K. pneumoniae Kp1002. It may be a potential biomarker for KLA infection.     

HPLC法同时测定复方阿胶补血颗粒中4种氨基酸

目的 建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)法同时测定复方阿胶补血颗粒中4种氨基酸。方法 采用Waters Sunfire C₁₈色谱柱（4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 mm）,以乙腈-0.1 mol·L^-1醋酸钠溶液（用36%乙酸调节pH值至6.5）（7∶93）为流动相A,以乙腈-水（4∶1）为流动相B,梯度洗脱（0~13 min,100% A ® 93% A;13~17.9 min,93% A ® 88% A;17.9~29 min,88% A ® 85% A;29~39 min,85% A ® 66% A;39~45 min,66% A ® 0% A）,柱温43 °C,体积流量1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长254 nm。结果 L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸进样量分别在0.012 ~ 0.117、0.022 ~ 0.218、0.010 ~ 0.097、0.016 ~ 0.160 mg范围内与色谱峰峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均回收率（n=6）分别为96.4%、97.3%、97.1%、99.4%;RSD分别为1.2%、1.9%、1.7%、0.9%。结论 该方法操作简单,重复性好,为控制复方阿胶补血颗粒的质量提供了可靠的方法。     

血脂康对不稳定型心绞痛伴肝酶升高患者的疗效与安全性

目的探讨血脂康对不稳定型心绞痛伴肝酶升高患者的疗效与安全性。方法纳入96例服用阿托伐他汀后引起肝酶升高3倍以上的不稳定型心绞痛患者。随机均分为3组,每组32例患者,A组停阿托伐他汀;B组阿托伐他汀减半;C组更换为血脂康。总疗程为4周,治疗前后测定总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、甘油三脂(TG)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)。随访主要不良心血管事件(MACEs),包括心源性死亡、致死性心肌梗死(MI)、非致死性MI、猝死发生情况。结果与治疗前比较,治疗4周后三组患者ALT水平均显著下降,治疗前后比较有统计学差异(P0.05),A、C组患者ALT水平下降较B组患者更显著,与B组患者比较有统计学差异(P0.05),A、C组之间ALT水平比较,无统计学差异(P0.05)。B、C组患者治疗4周后TC、LDL-C、TG、hs-CRP水平均下降,治疗前后比较有统计学差异(P0.05);C组患者HDL-C水平较治疗前升高(P0.05),治疗前后比较有统计学差异(P0.05);A组患者TC、LDL-C、TG、hs-CRP水平下降不明显,治疗前后比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。与A组患者治疗后比较,C组患者TG、hs-CRP水平明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组、B组、C组MACEs事件发生率分别为12.5%、9.4%、3.1%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论他汀引起肝酶显著升高的不稳定型心绞痛患者,换用血脂康安全有效。本研究入选患者病例数较少,有待更多的试验证实。     

ALT小于2倍正常上限的HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者肝脏病理改变及相关因素分析

目的探讨ALT小于2倍正常值上限(upper limits of normal,ULN)的HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者中与肝脏病理学改变相关的临床指标。方法将60例ALT2×ULN的HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者按照不同肝脏炎症程度及纤维化程度分组,对比各组患者性别比例、年龄、血清ALT、HBV DNA定量、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径、肝脏瞬时弹性探测仪(FibroScan)测定肝硬度值(liver stiffness measurement,LSM)的变化情况。结果 60例患者肝脏炎症改变在G1~G3级,纤维化程度在S0~S2期,其中≥G2、达S2者分别为49例(81.7%)、19例(31.7%)。60例患者中,随着肝脏炎症及纤维化程度的加重,男性患者比例、年龄、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径、LSM值均明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);血清ALT水平、HBV DNA定量随肝脏炎症程度的加重亦明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05),但以上两指标随肝脏纤维化程度的加重无明显变化。结论对于ALT2×ULN的HBeAg阴性慢性HBV感染者,仍然有相当部分患者的肝脏病变在G2或/和S2以上,对于这部分人群,尤其是男性患者,密切随访年龄、血清ALT、HBV DNA、脾脏厚度、门静脉内径、LSM值的变化对于协助了解肝脏病理变化有一定的提示作用。     

Effects of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors on serum alanine aminotransferase levels in people with type 2 diabetes: A multi-institutional cohort study

Clinical trials have indicated that sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have a favourable effect on serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but supporting evidence from real-world studies is lacking. We identified patients with T2D who initiated SGLT2 inhibitors during the period 2016 to 2017 from Chang Gung Research Database, which covers 1.3 million individuals from seven hospitals (6% of the Taiwan population). We classified patients by baseline ALT level and evaluated changes in ALT values from baseline to 1 year after initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors. We identified 11 690 new users of SGLT2 inhibitors with a mean (SD) age of 59.3 (11.8) years. The mean (SD) glycated haemoglobin and ALT levels were 8.9 (1.7)% and 34.7 (28.9) U/L at baseline, respectively. The mean change in ALT levels was −5.0 U/L (95% confidence interval [CI] –6.4, −3.5) 1 year after initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors. In patients with ALT levels ≤1× the upper limit of normal (ULN), the change in ALT levels was 1.6 U/L (95% CI –0.1, 3.4), while in those with ALT levels >1× ULN, the change in ALT levels was −26.5 U/L (95% CI –28.6, −24.3). The higher the baseline ALT level, the greater the decline after SGLT2 inhibitor treatment. Our findings suggest the initiation of SGLT2 inhibitors for T2D management could improve serum ALT levels in clinical practice, particularly in patients with especially high ALT levels.     

Non-Viral Related Liver Enzymes Elevation After Kidney Transplantation

Background:

Liver enzymes elevations (LEE) can be observed after kidney transplantation due to multifactorial causes.

Objectives:

We performed a retrospective study on 1589 kidney transplants, 971 male and 618 female, who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis C virus-antibody (HCV Ab) negative, and had no other liver diseases, to detect the prevalence of LEE and its risk factors in these patients between May 2008 and May 2010.

Patients and methods:

Liver enzymes and other biochemical parameters were measured in all recipients. Patients were divided into three groups, according to laboratory test time since transplantation: Group I, less than 3 months, Group II, 4 - 12 months after transplantation, and Group III, more than one year post-transplantation.

Results:

The highest LEE was more frequent in older patients (P < 0.001) and male individuals (P < 0.001). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were higher in patients who received kidneys from deceased donors (10.4% and 23.8%, respectively) as compared to living donor transplants (5.6% and 14.8%, respectively) (P < 0.001). The elevation of ALT was the liver enzyme abnormality after kidney transplantation with the highest prevalence (34.3%). The levels of ALT and AST were significantly elevated within the first 3 months after transplantation, followed by the 4-12 months period (P < 0.001). There was a reverse correlation between liver enzyme levels and renal allograft function in both univariate and linear regression analyses. This correlation increased over time. There was also a significant relation between cyclosporine blood levels and liver enzyme values in the univariate analysis. However, this relationship was attenuated over time. Elevated liver enzymes also correlated with anemia.

Conclusions:

The LEE is a common finding among kidney transplant recipients. Serial monitoring of aminotransferases, particularly ALT, should be performed in all patients after kidney transplantation.