Pre-anesthetic evaluation can play a crucial role in the determination of airway management in a child with oropharyngeal tumor

We experienced a case of a huge hemangioma occupying the oropharyngeal space in an 11-year-old child. Although urgent surgical tracheostomy under local anesthesia was suggested initially, medical interview and findings of computerized tomography and fiberoptic laryngoscopy revealed that the airway of the patient was relatively stable when she was in the semi-left decubitus position. General anesthetic induction would have had potential risks of airway obstruction. Thus, after placing the patient in the semi-left decubutus position, we chose semi-awake induction to secure the airway. With a small dose of fentanyl, we accomplished orotracheal intubation. In this report, we discuss the importance of referring to an airway management algorithm when encountering a difficult airway.     

Goitre and difficulty of tracheal intubation

Objectives

To assess the difficulty in both laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation related to goitre and to identify factors predictive of difficult intubation due to this condition.

Study design

Prospective observational.

Methods

We used the Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) in 80 consecutive patients with large goitre (defined by the inability to palpate the cricoid cartilage, the presence of endothoracic goitre, tracheal deviation of more than 1 cm or tracheal stenosis on the chest x-ray) and 77 control patients.

Results

Cormack grades 3–4 were more frequent at initial laryngoscopy in patients with goitre (23/80 vs. 9/77; p < 0.05), but the difference was no longer significant after application of an external laryngeal pressure (8/80 vs. 5/77). IDS scores (median [25th–75th percentiles]) were higher in the goitre group (1 [0 – 4]) than in the control group (0 [0 – 1]; p = 0.001), corresponding to an increase in slightly difficult intubation (IDS 1–5: 36/80 vs. 15/77; p < 0.05). However, incidence of moderate to major difficulty in intubation (IDS > 5: 8/80 vs. 7/77) as well as time to completion of intubation were similar in both groups. Tracheal stenosis (≥ 30%) and reduced mouth opening (< 4.4 cm) were the only significant predictors of increased difficulty in intubation in patients with a goitre.

Conclusion

Large goitres are usually associated with slight difficulty in intubation only. Increased difficulty should be expected when severe tracheal stenosis is present on chest x-ray, especially when associated with a reduced mouth opening.     

Physiotherapy secretion removal techniques in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review

Objective:

To address whether secretion removal techniques increase airway clearance in people with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI).

Data Sources and Study Selection:

MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched from inception to May 2009 for population keywords (spinal cord injury, paraplegia, tetraplegia, quadriplegia) paired with secretion removal–related interventions and outcomes. Inclusion criteria for articles were a research study, irrespective of design, that examined secretion removal in people with chronic SCI published in English.

Review Methods:

Two reviewers determined whether articles met the inclusion criteria, abstracted information, and performed a quality assessment using PEDro or Downs and Black criteria. Studies were then given a level of evidence based on a modified Sackett scale.

Results:

Of 2,416 abstracts and titles retrieved, 24 met the inclusion criteria. Subjects were young (mean, 31 years) and 84% were male. Most evidence was level 4 or 5 and only 2 studies were randomized controlled trials. Three reports described outcomes for secretion removal techniques in addition to cough, whereas most articles examined the immediate effects of various components of cough. Studies examining insufflation combined with manual assisted cough provided the most consistent, high-level evidence. Compelling recent evidence supports the use of respiratory muscle training or electrical stimulation of the expiratory muscles to facilitate airway clearance in people with SCI.

Conclusion:

Evidence supporting the use of secretion removal techniques in SCI, while positive, is limited and mostly of low level. Treatments that increase respiratory muscle force show promise as effective airway clearance techniques.     

思维导图引导康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者心理状况、肺功能、气道炎症及预后的影响

目的研究思维导图引导的康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者心理状况、肺功能、气道炎症及预后的影响,为临床护理成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者提供指导。方法选取2016年2月～2019年7月96例在我院诊治的支气管哮喘合并抑郁的成年患者,依据单纯随机抽样的方法分为干预组(n=48)和常规组(n=48),对所选支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者均实施常规护理,干预组患者的常规护理需运用思维导图来引导。通过观察比较两组患者护理前后的抑郁状态、肺功能改善情况、气道炎症水平和生活质量相关指标水平来评价思维导图引导康复护理对成人支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者的影响。结果护理后干预组患者的HRSD、SDS评分明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者的FEV1%、PEF%明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者测定的FeNO水平明显低于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);干预组患者ACT、GQOLI-74评分明显高于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论运用思维导图引导康复护理,可有效减轻支气管哮喘合并抑郁患者的抑郁情绪,改善患者肺功能情况,控制气道炎症进展,从而能够防止哮喘发作,提高患者的生活质量,改善预后,护理效果显著,可在临床上广泛应用。     

支气管哮喘急性发作期气道炎症表型与中医辨证分型的关系

支气管哮喘是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其气道炎症反应的复杂性,给临床诊断和治疗带来了困难[1]。2009年全球哮喘防治倡议(GINA)第一次提出“表型”这一概念,并提出基于表型分类有助于哮喘治疗及判断预后[2]。中医药治疗哮喘有其独特优势,但辨证分型缺乏明确统一的客观化、量化指标。     

魏氏鼻咽通气道在鼾症患者气管插管前经声门上喷射通气中的应用效果

目的 评价魏氏鼻咽通气道在鼾症患者气管插管前经声门上喷射通气应用的安全性与可行性。方法 选择2019年1～11月在解放军第九一○医院拟行全麻的鼾症患者50例,采用随机数字表法分为魏氏声门上喷射通气组（W组）与面罩通气组（M组）,每组25例。麻醉诱导后,W组经鼻插入魏氏鼻咽通道行声门上喷射通气,M组双手扣面罩通气。5 min后气管插管,记录在给氧去氮5 min自主呼吸时（T₀）、麻醉诱导后无自主呼吸1 min（T₁）、2 min（T₂）、3 min（T₃）、4 min（T₄）和5 min后插管后即刻（T₅）用超声测量的膈肌波动振幅均值、呼末二氧化碳分压（P_ETCO₂）,动脉血气[动脉血氧分压（PaO₂）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO₂）、血氧饱和度（SpO₂）];记录过程中SpO₂<90%、平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）波动≥术前20%的发生情况,并记录通气相关并发症的发生情况。结果 两组患者膈肌呼吸运动振幅、PaO₂、PaCO₂和P_ETCO₂指标在T₀时差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;W组患者膈肌呼吸运动振幅和PaO₂较高,W组患者PaCO₂和P_ETCO₂较低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;与T₀时比较,两组患者T₁～T₅时膈肌呼吸运动振幅和PaO₂升高,PaCO₂和P_ETCO₂降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;分组与时间对各指标的差异存在交互作用,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。W组患者下颌角皮肤红肿淤青、胃肠胀气的发生率低于M组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 魏氏声门上喷射鼻咽通气道可为鼾症伴有肥胖患者气管插管提供满意的声门上通气效果,且安全性较好。     

酒石酸美托洛尔对老年慢性心衰患者气道阻力的影响

目的 研究目标剂量酒石酸美托洛尔对老年慢性心力衰竭患者气道阻力的影响.方法 对20例老年慢性心力衰竭患者在常规心衰治疗基础上加用酒石酸美托洛尔,从极低剂量开始,逐渐加量至靶剂量.在增加剂量过程中,应用美国JAEGER TOENNIES体容积描计仪随访患者肺功能指标,主要指标包括SR eff、Reff、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、PEF.结果 20例慢性心衰患者在早期小剂量增加酒石酸美托洛尔过程中出现SR eff升高（P〈0.05）;服药至目标剂量后SR eft与服药前SR eff无变化（P〉0.05）;维持服用目标剂量酒石酸美托洛尔〉1个月后的SR eff较服药前SR eff有下降趋势.结论老年慢性心衰患者服用目标剂量的酒石酸美托洛尔不会增加气道阻力.     

Measurement of airway resistance in anesthetized and paralyzed subjects: Proposal for evaluation of K1 values

The effects of lung volume and respiratory airflow on airway resistance were studied in five anesthetized and paralyzed patients. Airway resistance measured during the inspiratory phase with intermittent constant airflow inflatoins decreased in inverse correlationship to increases in lung volume. Airway resistance measured during the expiratory phase with an airway interruption technique, on the other hand, increased with a linear relationship to the expiratory airflow as expressed by a function of Y = K₁ + K₂X. K₁, calculated from the values of airway resistance corresponding to three different airflows, was unaffected by intentional expiratory resistance loading. Thus, simultaneously with the measurement of airway resistance by this method, expiratory gas sampling with a Douglas bag can be done if necessary. Since the K₂ value of the endotracheal tube used in this study (Portex^® I.D. 8mm, length 26cm) was quite high (5.0cmH₂O·1^–2·sec²), depending on the airflow, the presence of the endotracheal tube strongly affected the measurement of airway resistance during general anesthesia. K₁ measured by the above method, however, may be considered as the best way to evaluate the lower airway resistance independent of either lung volume or expiratory airflow.(Sakai T, Yoshida H, Yano H et al.: Measurement of airway resistance in anesthetized and paralyzed subjects: proposal for evaluation of K₁ values. J Anesth 2: 139–145, 1988)     

哮喘大鼠气道重塑中尾加压素-的表达变化

目的：研究哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中尾加压素 Ⅱ（U-II）含量的变化及其作用。方法：32只雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠随机分为正常对照组、哮喘2周组、哮喘4周组和哮喘8周组,每组8只。以卵清白蛋白(OVA)致敏与激发建立哮喘大鼠气道重塑模型,图像分析技术测量大鼠支气管壁总面积和平滑肌面积,计算单位基底膜周径(Pbm)的支气管壁厚度(Wat)和平滑肌厚度(Wam),ELISA法测定血清和BALF中U-II的含量。结果：哮喘各组Wat及Wam均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.01）;哮喘组血清和BALF中U-II含量均显著高于正常对照组（P<0.01）,其中哮喘8周组血清和BALF中U-II含量显著高于哮喘4周组和哮喘2周组（P<0.01）,哮喘4周组也显著高于哮喘2周组（P<0.01）。各组大鼠BALF中的U-II含量与Wat及Wam呈正相关,BALF与血清中U-II含量亦呈正相关。结论：哮喘大鼠气道重塑血清和BALF中U-II含量增加;且U-II含量的变化与气道重塑相关。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（4）：287-289］     

香烟烟雾提取物对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞蛋白激酶C活性的影响

目的：研究香烟烟雾提取物（CSE）对哮喘大鼠气道平滑肌细胞（ASMC）蛋白激酶C（PKC）活性的影响。 方法： 24只Wistar大鼠随机分为哮喘干预组（A组）、单纯哮喘组（B组）、对照干预组（C组）及对照组（D组），用5％ 浓度的CSE干预A、C两组ASMC，分别于干预0、1、2、3和6 h后，分离ASMC，提取胞浆及胞膜PKC，然后用［γ-32P］-ATP催化活性测定法检测PKC的活性。结果:（1）ASMC胞膜、胞浆PKC活性及两者比值：在1 h及2 h时，A组显著强于B、C、D组（均P<0.01）；B、C组显著强于D组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；B组与C组在1 h、2 h时均无显著差异。而B组与C组在1 h、2 h时差异均无显著(P＞0.05)。（2）组内ASMC胞膜、胞浆PKC活性比值：A、B、C 3组：1 h显著高于0 h、2 h（均P<0.01）；B组：2 h显著高于0 h（P<0.05）。 结论:CSE可能通过改变PKC的活性而进一步影响哮喘及其它呼吸系统疾病的发生、发展。