不同剂量右美托咪定抑制FESS术后拔管期不良反应的效果观察

目的:研究右美托咪定抑制功能性鼻内镜窦手术(FESS)术后拔管期不良反应的有效性和剂量。方法:将择期行FESS患者80例,随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组20例,所有患者均采用丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼靶控输注气管插管全麻,B、C、D组患者手术结束前15 min分别静脉输注右美托咪定0.3、0.6、0.9μg/kg,A组静脉输注等剂量生理盐水。记录手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉前(T0)、拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),观察拔管期呛咳反应、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、躁动评分及喉痉挛、低氧血症的发生率。结果:D组患者拔管时间长于其他组(P<0.05);A组患者T1^T3时点MAP、HR高于T0时点(P<0.05);B、C、D组患者T2、T3时点MAP、HR低于A组(P<0.05);C、D组患者T1时点MAP、HR低于A、B组(P<0.05);C、D组患者呛咳反应和VAS优于A、B组(P<0.05);D组患者Ramsay镇静评分高于其他组(P<0.05);A组患者躁动评分高于其他组(P<0.05)。结论:0.6μg/kg右美托咪定用于FESS术后拔管,可减轻拔管期的呛咳反应和躁动,提高镇痛质量,保持血流动力学平稳,而不增加麻醉深度。     

Evidence for using dextromethorphan-quinidine for the treatment of agitation in dementia

Behavioral and psychological symptoms including agitation are common in dementia, and are associated with decreased quality of life, increased risk of institutionalization, and greater patient and caregiver distress. Pharmacological agents used for management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia are limited by their tolerability, prompting a need for identifying efficacious and safe pharmacological treatments for managing agitation in dementia. The combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine sulfate is approved for pseudobulbar affect, and may be effective in managing agitation in dementia. A review of literature found only one randomized controlled trial that evaluated the use of dextromethorphan-quinidine for the management of agitation in dementia when compared to placebo. Data from this trial demonstrated that dextromethorphan-quinidine decreased agitation in dementia, and was well tolerated. Although promising, further research is needed before dextromethorphan-quinidine combination can be accepted as a standard treatment for agitation in dementia.     

Pain,agitation and delirium in the intensive care unit

Pain, agitation and delirium are common during critical illness and are associated with many adverse consequences. A key aim of critical care is the facilitation of a calm, comfortable patient who can interact with their family and staff. Intensive care unit (ICU) patients frequently have pain from a variety of sources, many of which are not readily appreciated or actively managed. This article explores the challenges of assessing pain in the ICU and outlines methods that can be used to better identify and manage pain in this patient group. Agitation in ICU is often multifactorial, with many of its sources under-recognized. We will discuss the potential reasons that ICU patients become agitated, methods for measuring agitation and the actions that can be taken to alleviate it. Although the use of sedative and anxiolytic drugs is common in the ICU, their use is not without risks. This article will outline these risks, the variety of drugs available and how to use these drugs to a targeted effect. We will also explore delirium, its risk factors, precipitants and associated morbidity and mortality. This article will discuss how to diagnose delirium and the methods used to prevent and manage it.     

右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯对重度烧伤切痂植皮患者全身麻醉苏醒期躁动、应激激素及血糖水平的影响

目的观察右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯对行切痂植皮术治疗的重度烧伤患者全身麻醉苏醒期躁动、应激激素及血糖水平的影响。方法按照随机数表法将2016年2月至2019年2月河南省省立医院收治的60例重度烧伤患者随机分为观察组(30例)和对照组(30例),其中观察组患者于全身麻醉切痂植皮术结束前30 min静脉注射右美托咪定0.25μg/kg+氟比洛芬酯50 mg,对照组患者于全身麻醉切痂植皮术结束前30 min静脉注射右美托咪定0.25μg/kg,对比观察两组患者手术持续时间、唤醒时间、拔管时间、Ramsay镇静评分、Riker镇静-躁动评分、应激激素和血糖水平以及不良反应发生情况。结果观察组患者手术持续时间、唤醒时间及拔管时间与对照组无明显差异(t=0.798、1.044、0.874,P=0.428、0.301、0.386);观察组患者唤醒后Ramsay镇静评分高于对照组(t=6.138,P=0.000)、Riker镇静-躁动评分低于对照组(t=6.038,P=0.000);拔管后15 min,观察组患者血浆醛固酮、肾上腺素、皮质醇及血糖水平均低于对照组(t=2.278、3.443、2.608、3.481,P=0.026、0.001、0.012、0.001),且两组患者血浆醛固酮、肾上腺素、皮质醇及血糖水平均显著高于麻醉前,组内对比,P均0.05,差异具有统计学意义;观察组患者不良反应发生率为10.0%,与对照组患者的不良反应发生率16.7%无明显差异(χ~2=2.162,P=0.539)。结论右美托咪定复合氟比洛芬酯能够有效降低重度烧伤切痂植皮患者全身麻醉苏醒期的躁动程度,抑制应激激素及血糖水平的升高。     

Photoinduced Particulate Matter in a Parenteral Formulation for Bisnafide,an Experimental Antitumor Agent

This paper assesses the cause of particulate formation in vials of the experimental antitumor agent bisnafide and investigates pharmaceutical techniques to reduce the number of particulates in the product. Solution preparation and particulate isolation were performed under Class 100 laminar air flow. Reversed-phase HPLC and infrared microscopy were used to characterize drug and isolated particulate matter, whereas a Hiac particle counter was used to quantify the particulate matter. Particulate matter was observed following agitation of the drug solutions and was found to be associated with specific lots of drug substance. HPLC of the isolated particulate matter indicated that the particulates consisted largely of bisnafide and impurities that were identified as the products of photodegradation, confirmed to be the result of the photolytic cleavage of bisnafide to form a poorly soluble aldehyde. The aldehyde may, in turn, interact with bisnafide molecules to form the particulate matter as suggested by the observed pH-dependent reversibility of the particulate phenomenon. The particulate matter could be reduced by protecting solutions of bisnafide from light during chemical synthesis and production of the dosage form and, alternatively, by reducing the solution pH to 3.0 or less, addition of surfactants below their critical micelle concentration, and removal of impurities by froth flotation of the bisnafide solutions.     

Prophylaxe des “Postsevoflurandelirs” mit Midazolam

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial in children 2–7 years of age, we investigated the effect of a single prophylactic midazolam bolus (0.1 mg/kg b. w.) prior to the termination of anaesthesia, on the incidence and severity of agitation occurring after sevoflurane administration. Compared to the placebo group, midazolam prophylaxis significantly decreased the incidence of postanaesthetic delirium. However, the incidence of severe agitation requiring treatment was not different between the groups (placebo: n=6; midazolam: n=4). The mean severity of agitation was significantly lower in patients with midazolam prophylaxis. When midazolam was administered for the treatment of severe agitation it reduced the severity but did not abolish agitation. All patients were discharged from the recovery room after the 2 h observation period. From our study we conclude that a small prophylactic midazolam bolus is able to reduce the incidence and severity of agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in some patients but is insufficiently effective in patients with severe agitation. Thus, the prophylactic administration of midazolam extenuates but does not solve the problem of post-sevoflurane agitation.     

不同剂量右美托咪定滴鼻对七氟烷麻醉腹股沟疝患儿应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响

目的分析不同剂量右美托咪定滴鼻对七氟烷麻醉腹股沟疝患儿应激反应和苏醒期躁动的影响。 方法选择2015年1月至2018年12月在惠州市中心人民医院175例腹股沟疝患儿的临床资料,按简单随机抽样分为A组（57例）、B组（61例）、C组（57例）,分别予以1.0、1.5、2.0 μg/kg右美托咪定滴鼻,比较各组患儿苏醒时间、不同时间点血流动力学指标、应激反应指标、躁动评分、躁动发生率及其他不良反应发生情况。 结果A组苏醒时间少于B组及C组,且B组苏醒时间少于C组（P<0.05）。手术开始即刻、拔喉罩即刻3组心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP）均较滴鼻前上升,A组HR、MAP高于B组及C组（P<0.05）,手术开始即刻,3组应激反应指标均较术前上升,且A组高于B组及C组（P<0.05）,B组HR、MAP、应激反应指标与C组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。苏醒即刻、苏醒后5 min及苏醒后15 min A组躁动评分均高于B组及C组（P<0.05）,B组和C组躁动评分比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。A组躁动、呛咳发生率高于B组及C组,A、B组恶心、呕吐发生率低于C组（P<0.05）。 结论1.5 μg/kg右美托咪定滴鼻更适合小儿七氟烷麻醉腹股沟疝手术,可维持血流动力学的稳定,减轻应激反应和苏醒期躁动,且不增加药物不良反应的发生率。     

不同剂量右美托咪定对乳腺癌手术患者苏醒期的影响

【摘要】 目的 评价不同剂量右美托咪定对乳腺癌手术患者苏醒期的影响。方法〓选择因乳腺癌改良根治手术而行气管内插管全麻的患者80例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,分成4组(n=20,每组),分别于手术结束前30 min静脉注射右美托咪定或等量生理盐水。C组(对照组)静脉注射0.9%生理盐水,D1组静脉注射右美托咪啶0.2 μg/kg,D2组静脉注射右美托咪啶0.5 μg/kg,D3组静脉注射右美托咪啶0.8 μg/kg。各组患者术中机械通气的模式采用容量控制通气持续至气管导管拔出。记录手术结束后呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间,记录气管拔管时Riker镇静、躁动评分及Ramsay镇静评分,记录拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后2 min(T2)、5 min(T3)、10 min(T4)各时点患者的平均动脉压、心率。结果〓与C组比较,D1、D2组呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而D3组明显延长(P<0.01)。C组气管拔管时,大多患者Riker镇静及躁动评分为5分,拔管时心率明显增快、血压升高。与C组比较,D2、D3组躁动的发生率明显降低(P<0.01),T1至T4各时间点心血管不良反应明显减少。D2组患者Ramsay镇静评分为2~4分,镇静适度,T0至T4各时间点心率、血压无显著性变化。D3组患者中,Ramsay镇静评分为5~6分的患者比例为70%,呈现镇静过度的状态。结论〓在手术结束前30 min中等剂量右美托咪定(0.5 μg/kg)既可很好的预防乳腺癌手术患者苏醒期因气管导管引起的躁动,又不会导致苏醒延迟。