右美托咪定对神经外科全麻术后躁动发生影响分析

目的：探讨右美托咪定用于神经外科全麻术患者对术后躁动发生的影响。方法：选取2011年7月-2012年8月在本院神经外科择期行全麻手术患者110例,随机分为右美托咪定组和生理盐水组,手术结束前10 min,右美托咪定组采用右美托咪定静脉泵注,生理盐水组采用等量生理盐水静脉泵注。记录两组患者唤醒时间、呼吸恢复时间和拔管时间,对两组患者拔管后躁动发生情况、躁动程度、镇痛和镇静状况进行评估。结果：两组术后唤醒时间、呼吸恢复时间和拔管时间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。右美托咪定组麻醉拔管期躁动程度（0级、1级）和躁动发生率均低于生理盐水组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。右美托咪定组Ramsay镇静评分拔管后5 min、30 min均高于生理盐水组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。VAS疼痛评分拔管后5、30、60和120 min均显著低于生理盐水组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：右美托咪定可以有效减少神经外科全麻术后躁动发生率和躁动程度,改善术后疼痛镇静效果,且不延长唤醒时间、呼吸恢复时间和拔管时间。     

Protéine C-réactive et agitation chez des patients atteints de schizophrénie : suivi d’une cohorte avec groupe témoin

BackgroundRecent studies first reported the relevant role of the immune system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and then the association between inflammation and agitation.ObjectivesIn this study, we aim to explore the relationship between CRP (C-reactive protein) levels and agitation in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study with a comparison group of 60 patients with a DSM5 diagnosis of schizophrenia who were followed by the Department of Psychiatry of the University Hospital of Marrakech in Morocco. Patients were divided into two groups according to the state of agitation evaluated by the PANSS Excitement scale. These two groups have been matched according to age and gender. A comparison of CRP level, clinical and laboratory characteristics between the two groups and a monitoring of CRP level in the agitated group after 3 weeks of treatment were performed.ResultsInpatients with agitation displayed a significantly high CRP (P < 0.0001), a high score of PANSS total (P < 0.0001), PANSS positive (P < 0.0001) and general PANSS (P < 0.0001). After treatment, there was a significant reduction in CRP (P < 0.0001) and PANSS excitement (P < 0.0001).ConclusionThese results confirm the role played by inflammation and immunity in agitation behavior in patients with schizophrenia and highlight the interest of the CRP assay at the time of admission of patients as a potential marker of agitation in hospitalized patients with schizophrenia.     

小儿七氟醚麻醉围拔管期躁动的观察及护理

七氟醚是近年来应用于临床的新型吸入性麻醉药,由于其诱导苏醒快、过程平稳、呼吸循环系统影响小,并且无特殊气味,无呼吸道刺激,易于被患儿接受,且很少会引起喉或支气管痉挛,因而已广泛应用于小儿全麻[1].但研究发现,七氟醚吸入全麻,患儿术后躁动发生率可高达50％～83％[2].躁动可引起交感神经兴奋、机体耗氧增加、心律失常及延长复苏时间,亦可出现手术部位出血、坠床等意外,增加麻醉后风险及监测和护理难度,同时伴有强烈的精神及生理反应,给患儿生理心理带来伤害.因此,加强对躁动患儿的护理尤为重要,现将体会报告如下.     

右美托咪定对开胸手术患者苏醒期躁动的影响

目的探讨静脉输注右美托咪定对开胸手术患者麻醉苏醒期躁动的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行开胸手术的患者40例,分为右美托咪定组（A组）和生理盐水对照组（B组）。A组患者在麻醉诱导前给予右美托咪定负荷剂量0．8μg／kg（给药时间〉10min）及0．4μg／（kg·h）的维持量。B组以同等方法泵人生理盐水。术中采用多功能脑电监测仪（BIS）,了解麻醉深度。观察患者苏醒期躁动情况。结果苏醒期各个时点A组心率、血压增高的程度均低于B组（P〈0．05）。躁动例数A组较B组少（P〈0．05）。结论右美托咪定可使全麻开胸手术患者苏醒期的血流动力学更稳定,躁动减少。     

右美托咪定对患儿七氟醚复合麻醉恢复期躁动的影响

目的：评价右美托咪定对患儿七氟醚复合麻醉恢复期躁动的影响。方法择期行扁桃体及腺样体切除术的阻塞性呼吸睡眠综合征患儿60例,采用随机数字表法,根据七氟醚复合麻醉药物的不同,将患儿分为两组（ n＝30）：右美托咪定组（ D组）和瑞芬太尼组（ R组）。记录拔管时间、麻醉后恢复室（ PACU）停留时间;PACU 期间记录躁动发生情况、持续时间,采用患儿麻醉苏醒期躁动量化评分表（PAED）评分评价躁动程度。患儿入PACU即刻（T0）及15 min（T1）、30 min（T3）、60 min（T3）时行疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）和镇静评分（Ramsay）分别评价疼痛程度和镇静程度。记录PACU期间患者不良反应的发生情况。结果与R组比较, D组躁动发生率和PEAD评分降低,躁动持续时间缩短,术后各时点VAS评分降低,Ramsay评分升高（P＜0．05）;两组患儿拔管时间、PACU停留时间、PACU期间不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（ P＞0．05）。结论右美托咪定可安全有效地预防患儿七氟醚复合麻醉恢复期躁动的发生。     

地佐辛复合芬太尼超前镇痛预防全麻苏醒期躁动的临床观察

目的：观察地佐辛复合芬太尼超前镇痛对全麻患者苏醒期躁动的预防作用。方法：选取行全身麻醉上腹部手术患者100例,A S AⅠ～Ⅱ级,随机分为地佐辛组（A组）、芬太尼组（B组）、地佐辛复合芬太尼组（C组）和对照组（D组）,每组25例。A、B、C三组切皮前10min分别给予静脉注射地佐辛0．2mg／kg、芬太尼1μg／kg、地佐辛0．15mg／kg＋芬太尼0．6μg／kg。围术期以首次剂量1／2,间隔30～40min静脉注射持续镇痛;D组静注等量生理盐水。麻醉维持采用持续输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼,间断静脉注射罗库溴胺。记录四组患者手术缝皮后（T0）、拔管时（T1）、拔管后5min （T2）,血压（BP）、心率（HR）的变化;记录睁眼时间、拔管时间;拔管前Riker镇静躁动评分、RSS躁动评分。结果：A组、D组T1、T2时的BP、HR明显高于T0时（P＜0．05）,B组、C组同时间点BP、HR明显低于D组（P＜0．05）;B组睁眼时间、拔管时间明显长于A组、D组;C组Riker镇静躁动评分患者躁动发生率明显低于D组（ P＜0．05）。结论：地佐辛＋芬太尼联合超前镇痛能预防全麻患者苏醒期躁动,不会延长患者的睁眼时间和拔管时间。     

右美托咪定和丙泊酚用于神经外科躁动患者镇静的比较研 究简

目的 评价神经外科躁动患者应用右美托咪定和丙泊酚镇静治疗的效果及不良反应.方法 选择2010年3月～2011年3月入住武汉大学人民医院ICU中的神经外科急重症及术后躁动患者60例,随机分为两组,右美托咪定组（D组）和丙泊白酚组（P组）,监测给药前（T1）及给药后10 min（T2）、1 h（T3）、2 h（T4）、6 h（T5）和次日清晨7：00（T6）的平均动脉压、心率、呼吸频率、脉搏血氧饱和度,记录药物起效时间、达到Ramsay镇静评分2～4级时药物平均输注速度.结果 两组药物起效时间比较差异有高度统计学意义（P＜0.01）,D组患者用药后血压及心率均有所下降（P＜0.05）,用药后呼吸频率与T1相比虽有所下降,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;P组镇静治疗后血压较给药前下降,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,与T1比较,T2～4的心率明显下降（P＜0.05）,用药后10 min内即观察到呼吸频率下降,T2与T1相比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 右美托咪定和丙泊酚微量泵持续输入用于神经外科躁动患者镇静安全有效,丙泊酚可应用于躁动患者的快速镇静,右美托咪定镇静过程中无明显呼吸抑制发生,但要注意防范血压下降和心率减慢的不良反应.     

Application of a hydrodynamic model to microencapsulation by coacervation

The role of the hydrodynamic conditions in determining the characteristics of microcapsules made by coacervation was investigated in this study. The model proposed by Armenante and Kirwan, regarding the mass transfer to microcapsules in a turbulent agitated system, was applied. The working hypothesis was that the microcapsules are formed in microeddies generated by the agitation source. The dimensions of the microeddies, calculated in the vicinity of the agitation source according to Armenante and Kirwan, depend on the physical properties of the liquid medium and are inversely proportional to the power exchanged from the agitation source of the system. The power was determined according to the hydrodynamic rules developed by Rushton et al. The experimental results confirmed the hypothesis of the model. Indeed, a good relationship was found between the calculated size of the microeddies and the measured diameter of the microcapsules. Moreover, the distribution error (the standard deviation of the microcapsule size frequency distribution curve) was found to be proportional to the mean diameter value of the microcapsules and microeddies. This can be explained considering that the microeddies diameter increases by moving away from the agitation source and, consequently, a distribution of microeddies of difference sizes is present in the medium. The distribution error, which represents the difference between the smaller and the larger diameters, is inversely proportional to the exchanged power and, consequently, proportional to the mean diameter.