The Patient Factor

Long-term results of bariatric surgery are reviewed. The weight criteria for patient acceptance for bariatric surgery and their variation are presented graphically and discussed. Factors affecting patient selection in an attempt to improve outcome results in the small group of patients who currently achieve less weight loss than anticipated are defined. An attempt is made to define pre-operative criteria for selection of pure restrictive versus combined restrictive and malabsorptive procedures. Aspects of motivation, co-morbidity, age and pre-operative weight are discussed and the position statement of the ASBS in regard to laparoscopic bariatric surgery is defined.     

激励理论在学生思想政治工作中的应用研究

激励 ,通常指调动人的积极性。在高校的思想政治教育工作中科学运用激励理论是调动学生学习、工作和生活积极性的主要手段 ,是提高学生综合素质的有力杠杆。文章就激励理论在高校管理和思想政治教育工作中的应用进行了探讨     

Motivation in pediatric motor rehabilitation: A systematic search of the literature using the self-determination theory as a conceptual framework

Objective: Motivation is suggested as an important factor in pediatric motor rehabilitation. Therefore, we reviewed the existing evidence of (motivational) motor rehabilitation paradigms, and how motivation influences rehabilitation outcome using self-determination theory as conceptual framework. Methods: PubMed and Web-of-Science databases were systematically searched until June 2015. Data were independently extracted and critiqued for quality by three authors. Studies reporting motivational aspects were included. Most studies examined new technology (e.g., virtual reality [VR]). Results: Out of 479 records, three RCT, six case-control, and six non-comparative studies were included with mixed quality. Motivation was rarely reported. Training individualization to the child’s capabilities with more variety seemed promising to increase motivation. Motivation increased when the exercises seemed helpful for daily activities. Conclusions: Motivation in pediatric rehabilitation should be comprehensively assessed within a theoretical framework as there are indications that motivated children have better rehabilitation outcomes, depending on the aspect of motivation.     

军医大学各类学生学习动机强度比较

目的:比较军医大学各类学生的学习动机,为教育管理部门提供依据。方法:应用学习动机简易评定量表,横向比较本科生、八年制、研究生等不同类别学生的学习动机强度,并进行前后5年的纵向追踪。结果:(1)2010年该军医大学各类学生学习动机有统计学差异(F=82.489,P0.001),SNK检验研究生学习动机(2.16)高于本科生(1.86)和八年制学生(1.94)。2015年第二次调查,军医大学各类学生学习动机未见统计学差异(F=4.150,P=0.06)。(2)2015年相比2010年,该军医大学学生总体学习动机没有统计学差异(F=0.458,P=0.499),但本科生的学习动机有所提高(F=31.080,P0.001),研究生的学习动机有所下降(F=11.090,P=0.001)。结论:军医大学各类学生学习动机差别不大,比较稳定;针对薄弱的学生群体,寻找提升学习动机的对策。     

Dilemmas of Iran's Opium Maintenance Program: An Action Research for Evaluating Goal Conflicts and Policy Changes

We examined motivation for cessation and plans to quit among 945 high school students in 2001 at three levels of smoking frequency (regular, occasional, and infrequent). Surveys were completed at six Illinois high schools. In multivariate models, females (compared to males) and white students (compared to nonwhite students) were more likely to plan to quit, but plans to quit did not differ by smoking level. In multivariate models to predict motivation for cessation, regular smokers were significantly less motivated to quit than were occasional and infrequent smokers, and occasional smokers were less motivated than infrequent smokers; demographic variables were nonsignificant. Infrequent and occasional smokers are motivated to quit and intend to quit soon, making them an attractive target for cessation programs.     

Factors Associated with Tobacco Use among Iranian Adolescents: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory

Background: Tobacco use is a significant predisposing factor to many diseases. Protection motivation theory is a well-suited theory, since fear can motivate individuals to change their unhealthy behaviors. Objective: This study was conducted to examine the associations between the constructs of this theory with intention and tobacco use behavior. Method: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in Noshahr, Iran. The participants were 440 high school boys selected using a stratified random sampling in 2016. A questionnaire about tobacco use based on protection motivation theory was developed and its validity and reliability were assessed. The questionnaire included the demographic information, the constructs of theory, and tobacco use behavior. Structural equation modeling was used to test the associations between the constructs with intention and tobacco use. Results: The variables of perceived vulnerability (β = 0/137, P < 0.001), fear (β = 0/149, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (β = 0/249, P < 0.001), perceived intrinsic reward (β = ?0.285, P < 0.001), threat appraisal (β = ?0.25, P < 0.001), and coping appraisal (β = 0.358, P < 0.001) had direct effect and are significant with intention. Moreover, perceived vulnerability (β = ?0.158, P < 0.001), fear (β = ?0.172, P < 0.001), self-efficacy (β = ?0.288, P < 0.001), perceived intrinsic reward (β = 0.329, P < 0.001), threat appraisal (β = 0.265, P < 0.001), and coping appraisal (β = ?0.379, P < 0.001) affected tobacco use indirectly through intention and were significantly associated with behavior. Also, intention had direct effect and is significant with tobacco use (β = ?1.156, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The protection motivation theory provides a useful framework for investigating factors of tobacco use among male students. Future tobacco prevention interventions should focus on increasing the vulnerability and fear, decreasing intrinsic reward, and improving self-efficacy to reduce tobacco use.     

Bupropion improved apathy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia: a case report

ABSTRACT

Apathy is a common neurobehavioral sign in cases of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. However, there is still no established sustained effective treatment. We present the case of a 65-year-old man with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia who suffered from severe apathy, but his apathy improved after a 10-month period of bupropion treatment. His single photon emission computed tomography report also showed slight improvement. To the best of our knowledge, such a case with imaging evidence has never been reported. Further studies to correlate the effects of bupropion on apathy in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia patients are clearly needed.     

Attention modulates the dorsal striatum response to love stimuli

In previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies concerning romantic love, several brain regions including the caudate and putamen have consistently been found to be more responsive to beloved‐related than control stimuli. In those studies, infatuated individuals were typically instructed to passively view the stimuli or to think of the viewed person. In the current study, we examined how the instruction to attend to, or ignore the beloved modulates the response of these brain areas. Infatuated individuals performed an oddball task in which pictures of their beloved and friend served as targets and distractors. The dorsal striatum showed greater activation for the beloved than friend, but only when they were targets. The dorsal striatum actually tended to show less activation for the beloved than the friend when they were distractors. The longer the love and relationship duration, the smaller the response of the dorsal striatum to beloved‐distractor stimuli was. We interpret our findings in terms of reinforcement learning. By virtue of using a cognitive task with a full factorial design, we show that the dorsal striatum is not activated by beloved‐related information per se, but only by beloved‐related information that is attended. Hum Brain Mapp 35:503–512, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.